Brave New World Essay - 2540 Words

Summary: Chapter 1 The novel opens in the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. The year is a.f. 632 (632 years â€Å"after Ford†). The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning is giving a group of students a tour of a factory that produces human beings and conditions them for their predestined roles in the World State. He explains to the boys that human beings no longer produce living offspring. Instead, surgically removed ovaries produce ova that are fertilized in artificial receptacles and incubated in specially designed bottles. The Hatchery destines each fetus for a particular caste in the World State. The five castes are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon. Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon undergo the Bokanovsky Process which†¦show more content†¦Fetuses destined for work in the tropical climate are heat conditioned as embryos; during childhood, they undergo further conditioning to produce adults that are emotionally and physically suited to hot climates. The artificial process, says the Director, aims to make individuals accept and even like â€Å"their inescapable social destiny.† The Director and Henry Foster then introduce Lenina Crowne to the students. She explains that her job is to immunize the fetuses destined for the tropics with vaccinations for typhoid and sleeping sickness. In front of the boys, Henry reminds Lenina of their date for that afternoon, which the Director finds â€Å"charming.† Henry goes on to explain that future rocket-plane engineers are conditioned to live in constant motion, and future chemical workers are conditioned to tolerate toxic chemicals. Henry wants to show the students the conditioning of Alpha Plus Intellectual fetuses, but the Director, looking at his watch, announces that the time is ten to three. He decides there is not enough time to see the Alpha Plus conditioning; he wants to make sure the students get to the Nurseries before the children there have awakened from their naps. Summary: Chapter 2 The Director leads the group of students to the Nurseries. Posted on a notice board are the phrases, â€Å"Infant Nurseries. Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning Rooms.† The students observe a Bokanovsky group of eight-month-old babies wearing the Delta caste’sShow MoreRelated Brave New World Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesBrave New World Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is a fictitious story about a future utopian society where people are mass-produced in laboratories. People have no emotions in this world where drugs and promiscuous sex are greatly encouraged. People are given labels according to their pre-natal intelligence assignment. These different classes all have specific roles within society and nobody is unhappy with their place. The Brave New World he was a fictitious story that sets upRead MoreBrave New World Government1086 Words   |  5 Pagesconflicting in their particular perspectives. 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Does this pertain to individual freedom, or is freedom living by societal norms? Aldous Huxley exposes these factors through his futuristic literary masterpiece Brave New World. Society is controlled

Failing Expectations On Future Generations - 960 Words

Failing Expectations on Future Generations Is every relationship perfect? Eric Swanson asked individuals about their marriage and their responses were surprising. â€Å"Amazingly, and consistently nearly 97 percent of married couples answer, â€Å"very happy† or â€Å"pretty happy†¦ A mere 3-4 percent today would say they are â€Å"not too happy† (Swanson). True love is supposed to last a lifetime, but for the three percent remaining of unhappy couples results in divorce. Divorce is a negative decision because children develop stress and unstable futures; nevertheless we can solve the issues of divorce by visiting marriage counselors, communicating with one another, and partaking in trail marriages Growing up with divorced parents can have a negative effect on children. â€Å"It diminishes children’s future competence in all five of society’s major or tasks institutions: family, school, religion, marketplace and government† (Fagon and Churhi ll 1). Children growing up with divorced parents are very shy and depressed. The parents’ separation take negative tolls on children because it causes them to rebel at an early age while lacking knowledge between right and wrong. Children who rebel often get involved in dangerous activities such as: under aged smoking, drinking, unprotected sex, and crime. The child’s rebellious acts causes him to have disadvantages in his future because the parents are focused more on their issues than their child’s. Although children have no control over their parents’Show MoreRelatedCritique Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesoutlines: The millennial generation includes individuals born between 1980 through 2000. These individuals are new college graduates that make up the major of the workforce. This group had a number of names associated with them such as Boom Echo and Generation Y – ever since this group started appeared, causing enrollment capacity issues at public school districts around the country. 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Management A Case Study of BT Plc

Question: To be able to identify the concept and principles associated with Corporate Social Responsibility To be able to present and interpret the gathered data in order to develop logical lines of arguments based on basic theories and concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility To be able to present the results of research in a structured way and with coherent arguments To be able to deliver prospective recommendations based on the result of research. Answer: Introduction The report presents an analysis of corporate social responsibilities of a company in UK. The chosen company for the analysis is BT Plc of UK. Corporate social responsibilities are important aspects of a business in present days. In the globalisation era, the companies try to maintain their own CSR in the business operation. The sole purpose of a business organisation is not profit making. An organisation has several other social, economical and environmental responsibilities in business process. The study considers different aspects of CSR for a company. The BT Plc is a telecommunication company operating in UK. The company has responsibilities for societies as well for stakeholders. For a telecommunication company, the corporate social responsibilities are regarding facilitating good communication service to the customers, application of innovative technologies, developing value chain in business (Navi 2012). Protection of customer rights is another important responsibility of a telecommunication company. Among the different aspects of CSR, one of the important aspects is responsibility to provide eco friendly service to the users and society. Business organisations often undertake charitable activities to improve society, especially where the company is located. Definitions of CSR and importance of different aspects Definitions of CSR In different literatures, corporate social responsibilities have been described in many ways. There are disparities in the definitions of CSR. Different organisations interpret the meaning of CSR in different ways. Navi (2012) mentioned that, CSR is the organisations concern on the issues beyond its business basic requirements such as economic, legal or technical. On the other hand, Aguinis and Glavas (2012) argued that CSR is the social responsibilities of an organisation to maintain legal, ethical and economic aspects in the business process. Crane et al (2013) mentioned different definitions of CSR in their research paper. According to international labour organisation, CSR is a method of presenting the impact of companys business operation on the society. CSR reflects the values and principles of the organisation. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills of UK describes CSR as temporary actions taken by an organisation ensuring least legal requirements to benefit both own business and wider society. In the view of World Economic Forum, the global corporate organisations are acts in their self interest as the prosperity of the organisation depends on social, economic and environmental factors. Aguinis and Glavas (2012) cited that companies involve themselves in the corporate social responsibilities due to pressure and expectations from different stakeholders. The stakeholders can be share holders, customers or media. Stakeholders have three main interests to engage companies into CSR. The interests may be driven by self-interest, or emerge from the relationship among different interest group or may be moral. Moral interest comes from maintaining ethical standard in business process. Importance of different aspects of CSR Corporate social responsibilities have several dimensions in both individual level and institutional level. Servaes and Tamayo (2013) presented a structure of CSR for an applicable for an organisation. The corporate value of an organisation is associated with the customers, suppliers, employees and shareholders. In the view of Bowen (2013), there are three aspects of CSR, which are economic, social and environmental aspects. Figure 1: Different dimensions of CSR (Source: Bowen 2013) Economic dimension of CSR Understanding economic aspect is important to assess impact of economic variable in the operation of the organisation. In past days, economic aspects are often misunderstood as financial impact on the organisation. Economic aspect in not only the considerations of companys financial matter or recording employment data, rather it is the considerations of impact of companys operation on the greater community and the stakeholders (Cornelissen 2014). A business organisation is definitely a profit making organisation. However, operation of the organisation has some economic values. It contributes in countrys GDP and takes part in economys growth process (Crane et al. 2013). Multiplier effect: The activity of the organisation has impact on employees, consumes, suppliers and the wider environment in which the company operates. If the organisations performance in current period is good, it has prospect to get better investment opportunity in long run. The investment can be made for the structural development of the company and for the well being of the employees. If there is development of the company, dividends of the shareholders and the income of the employees increase (Hopkins 2012). Therefore, standard of living of the employees improves. As the income of the employee increases, demand for goods and services rises. This multiplier effect further influences other industries to increase their production. This chain effect increases the output of the whole economy and contributes in the growth process of the economy (Cheng et al. 2014). Therefore, economic aspects of CSR in present context are very much important. Tax effect: Corporation tax is a major source of income of the government of an economy. The tax collected from the corporate is used for the social well being. Therefore, it is the responsibility of every corporate to pay the tax properly as it is a part of CSR (Kitzmueller and Shimshack 2012). Social dimension of CSR Social aspects of CSR are now gets attention in most of the organisations. The organisations participate in many social activities now a day. Sometimes, corporations engage themselves directly or indirectly in poverty reduction programme or any social awareness program. They sponsor different non profit organisation or NGOs. The progress of the company depends on the health of the society (Homburg et al 2013). They take part in social welfare by recruiting people from diversified culture or socially deprived people. The organisations often sponsors sport events to encourage local community as sport has important role in social development (Asif et al. 2013). Environmental dimensions In present decades, sustainable development is major concern for every economy. As per sustainable development goals set by United Nations, every public, private organisations and government need to take part in the welfare of civil society (un.org, 2016). Natural resource consumption affects the sustainable development of the economy and the world. Environment oriented activities, cleaner production, maintaining ecological footprint is part of environmental dimensions of CSR. Application of CSR on BT Plc Being a leading telecom company in UK, BT Plc has immense responsibility towards society. The aspects of CSR for a telecommunication company are providing uninterrupted mobile networking, facilities of emergency communication, technological development etc. Moreover, BT Plc is has added responsibility in the form of contribution in growth of UK. Protection of rights of customers, meeting needs of them, supplying quality service etc is social dimensions of CSR of a telecommunication company (Brammer et al. 2012). BT Plc has also responsibilities of their employees such as safeguarding the interest of the employees; maintain labour laws of UK, encouraging employees to engage themselves in decision making process of management. It is part of BTs CSR to do business ensuring highest productivity of allocated resources. Maximum productivity subject to efficient utilisation of resources is aspect of CSR of BT Plc. Efficient utilisation of resources reduces carbon emission in the society (BTconferencing.com, 2016) CSR model used by BT Plc Figure 2: CSR model followed by BT (Source: btplc.com, 2016) The goal of BT Plc is to achieve three goals mentioned above by 2020. There are two main dimensions of the CSR of BT, which are social and environmental aspects. Social dimensions of CSR There is a supporters club in BT, which is a part of charitable initiative of BT. This club encourages people to take part in sports with the aim of improving lives of people. This initiative has been taken by management of BT to improve lives of millions of young people globally. The company has sports channel, which collects money from the customers, who wishes to join the sports club (btplc.com, 2016). The donation is used to help the people, who face economical, social or physical challenge in life. The donations are used for disable children, raising employment. The company also arranges programme, which engages young people in community services. BT helps the international projects of educational and health organisation. The organisations, which use football or motorbike to reach the socially deprived children or to save life of people in isolated village, get helps from BT. This Company engages its employees in volunteering process of social activity such as fund raising proce ss. During 2014, the company took a project named Challenge Africa project, which had objective to build a primary school in Kenya (btplc.com, 2016). The project involved the employees of BT, which used the management, leadership skills of employee. The Challenge Africa project had another dimension such as introducing employees with different culture of a developing country. Engaging employees for the benefit of the community has great social face. Along with this, maintaining high ethics in business operation and supply chain standard are parts of CSR of BT. Environmental dimension of CSR The management of BT tries to maintain a good business practices. They maintain high ethical standard by protecting human rights and data security. They aim to reduce carbon intensity about 80% by 2020. In order to reduce carbon footprint, they have developed a carbon calculator. This tool helps the user to know the amount of carbon reduction by using ICT products. During 2005, the company signed a green energy contract, which aimed to use of environment friendly resources such as wind and solar power, hydroelectricity and wave. The objective of the company is to provide an integrated network platform, which is energy efficient with higher capacities. Use of energy saving technology gives advantage to the company in carbon reduction (Korschun et al. 2014). Advantage of CSR policies The CSR model of BT Plc has helped the company to grow business globally. The social and environmental dimension of CSR policies has been able to improve customer satisfaction. Increasing customer satisfaction has helped to development of business. Engagement of long term business goal with good CSR practice and sustainability has been able to reduce brand damage. CSR policies have helped the company to develop good leadership approach in the business process. Moreover, the company has been successful to replace traditional techniques of audit by comprehensive assessment techniques in business model. This company has developed a good relation with the suppliers by taking strategy of using renewable energy in production. Reduction in carbon emission has helped collaboration with suppliers. Furthermore, the management method gives the company and the suppliers, the scope of quality matter inspection (Baumann-Pauly et al. 2013). This strategy helps to strengthen supply chain management of BT Plc. Disadvantages of CSR The company faces some risks regarding CSR policies. The risks are regarding working condition of supply chain. The BT Plc has global presence. Therefore, the company faces risks as in some countries; the labour and environment regulations are not enforced strongly (Lee et al. 2012). Therefore, the company has to face risks about the product and service standard below global acceptable level. There are risks regarding health and safety of the employees. Risk is appeared in the form of climate change. Change in climate may hinder the process of achieving environmental sustainability goal of the company. Being a multinational company, BT Plc has to maintain a diversified culture in the organisation. Hence, the company may face risks if employees cannot adjust themselves with the multicultural aspects of the company. This can affect the performance of the company in the competitive market. Furthermore, failing to comply with diversity can reduce business reputation of the company. Recommendations BT has good CSR practice in business operation. Although having high valued CSR, the company faces some risks. Improvement of CSR policies can mitigate the risks. In order to perform better, the company can ask the external stakeholders associated with business to evaluate companys performance regarding CSR practice. The stakeholders can rate the BT Plcs social activities and environmental practices. Rating by community is more reliable compared to its internal rating. The company gives more importance to environment and social aspects. Economic aspects of CSR are comparatively neglected in the companys CSR model. Therefore, incorporation of economic dimension in the CSR model can be recommended to the company to improve business performance in global context. The company can emphasis on return on investment aspects. In order to do this, BT Plc can improve human resource management policies. Increase in employee satisfaction decreases the rate of employee turnover in the organisation. Strict governance policies sometimes increase dissatisfaction of the employees in the workplace (Moser and Martin 2012). Hence, less formalisation can create friendly environment in the work place and a good organisational culture. Minimisation of waste and best use of resource increases CSR of the company towards society. This corporate strategy may give the company a competitive advantage in the market. The company engages the employees in the social development process. Other stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and shareholders can also take part in the social dimensions of CSR. Active involvement of stakeholders in the business process improves the relationship, which helps the company to grow in long term. The company faces legal risks in fulfilling CSR. Collaborations with consultants, who have knowledge regarding environment and other legal issues, can help the company to reduce risks. Conclusions The report discusses different aspects of corporate social responsibilities of a business organisation. The study has been conducted on BT plc of UK. This company is a telecommunication company operating in UK. The company has global exposure. Therefore, it has different dimensions of business. Corporate social responsibilities model incorporates different stakeholders of a company such as customer, suppliers, shareholders etc. Three dimensions of CSR have been described in this report. Three dimensions are economic, social and environmental. Now a day, these three aspects have become unavoidable part of a business. Different definitions of CSR have been described in this study. Different organisations and companies describe CSR from different angles. The CSR model followed by BT Plc has also three dimensions. The company gives emphasis more on social and environment aspects of CSR. CSR model of BT Plc incorporates customers, suppliers and environment in the model. Connecting society with business process in one of the philosophy of companys CSR. In order to do this, the company engages itself with different social welfare project both locally and globally. It engages itself with social projects such as encouraging young people to involve with different sports. The company donates the fund collected from different social activities in charity. The donations are used for the improvement of lives of socially and economically vulnerable people. It has conducted a project to build a primary school at a socially backward region of Africa. This activity signifies high CSR practice by BT Plc. The company has target to reduce 80% carbon emission by 2020. Although the company maintains good ethics and CSR in business, it faces some risks in CSR practices. There is a risk of climate change, which can negatively affect the sustainable development policy of the company. Hen ce, some recommendations have been made for the improvement of the future CSR in the company. References Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda.Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968. Asif, M., Searcy, C., Zutshi, A. and Fisscher, O.A., 2013. An integrated management systems approach to corporate social responsibility.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, pp.7-17. Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. and Scherer, A.G., 2013. Organizing corporate social responsibility in small and large firms: Size matters.Journal of Business Ethics,115(4), pp.693-705. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bowen, H.R., 2013.Social responsibilities of the businessman. University of Iowa Press. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Btconferencing.com. (2016).BT corporate social responsibility - About us - BT Conferencing. [online] Available at: https://www.btconferencing.com/about-us/social-responsibility/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Btplc.com. (2016).CSR achievement stories. [online] Available at: https://www.btplc.com/Careercentre/Ourlocations/UK/Apprenticeships/TheBTStory/BeingResponsible/CSRachievementstories/index.htm [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context.Chapter in: Crane, A., Matten, D., and Spence, LJ,'Corporate Social Responsibility: Readings and Cases in a Global Context,2, pp.3-26. de Bakker, F., 2016.Managing corporate social responsibility in action: talking, doing and measuring. CRC Press. Homburg, C., Stierl, M. and Bornemann, T., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in business-to-business markets: How organizational customers account for supplier corporate social responsibility engagement.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.54-72. Hopkins, M., 2012.Corporate social responsibility and international development: is business the solution?. Earthscan. Kitzmueller, M. and Shimshack, J., 2012. Economic perspectives on corporate social responsibility.Journal of Economic Literature,50(1), pp.51-84. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Lee, E.M., Park, S.Y., Rapert, M.I. and Newman, C.L., 2012. Does perceived consumer fit matter in corporate social responsibility issues?.Journal of Business Research,65(11), pp.1558-1564. Moser, D.V. and Martin, P.R., 2012. A broader perspective on corporate social responsibility research in accounting.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.797-806. Navi, S.T., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. [online] Available at https://yamato-hd.co.jp/investors/library/annualreport/pdf/2013/ar2013_10.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016] Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), pp.1045-1061. un.org (2016). Sustainable Development Goals [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]

Negotiation Report Essay Example

Negotiation Report Paper Introduction Korea has been in a state of chaos for some time. They have survived many times of turmoil, such as the Korean War in 1950 that lasted until 1953. The ending of this war did not settle the civil dispute. There are many contradicting areas in Korea that effect business, for example, communist vs. anti communist, religious and non religious, idealist and collectivist, and those that are willing to work each other. Also Korea has a fear of doing business with Japan. Japans market is considerable larger than their and they worry that if business is done with Japan they would be overshadowed. This lack of interest to do business with Japan is also due to historical influences in Korea’s past Negotiation is a crucial aspect of all interorganizational relationships. No matter if it is a strategic alliance, joint venture, merger, acquisition, or just a sale of a product and a service, negotiation is a part that one cannot due without. As the section of international to domestic trade increases, so does the occurrence of business negotiations among people from different countries and cultures. Negotiation is a process in which at least one individual tries to persuade another individual to change his or her ideas or behaviors. And our groups focus is an investigation into negotiating orientations and behaviors of South Korea in comparison to that of the US. Basic Concept of Negotiation Process Distributive versus Integrative In the twelve dimensions of cross-cultural negotiations, we first start off by looking at the general model, in which consists of two components. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first component which is the basic concept of the negotiation process includes two aspects, distributive and integrative. In the distributive perspective, negotiators â€Å"believe that there will be one winner and one loser,† and in order to do so, the negotiator needs to establish a kind of dominance in the negotiation process. Negotiators with these characteristics display a strong sense of individual concerns, and they have little interest or concern for others. Negotiators with an integrative perspective on the other hand believe that â€Å"mutually beneficial solutions can be generated. Integrative negotiators tend to take a problem solving approach in order to better exchange information, where they can focus on the different interests of both parties to find a common ground, and effective solution. South Koreans lie on the high end of the integrative perspective. They share their information about their own interests, but also seek to obtain information about the other party’s interests. During a negotiation, both party’s react to each other’s arguments until both negotiators reach an agreement. Most Significant Type of Issue Task-Based versus Relationship-Based Contacts and personal relationships are very important, since South Koreans tend be suspicious of people whom they do not know or those with whom they do not have mutual contact. Koreans want to do business with people whom they have formed a personal connection with or whereby a mutual mediator, friend or acquaintance has made an introduction. Drinking is often the introduction to any business negotiation done in South Korea. Some South Korean businesspeople often believe that they will get to know a business partner far better after having a few drinks. They also use drinking locations to resolve a sensitive problem or to close a difficult business deal. In order to establish a more personal relationship, South Koreans may ask extremely personal questions regarding their counterpart’s age, salary, education, religion, and family life. If individuals feel uncomfortable and don’t want to answer, the appropriate course of action would be to remain polite but try to gracefully sidestep the questions asked. In most cases, South Koreans make these inquires because they think that they can establish a relationship by finding common denominators. These questions may also be asked in order to determine their counterpart’s status, which means everything in the South Korean culture. For the age/status conscious Koreans, it is important to guess and know the approximate age or relative status of their counterparts. When a negotiation in South Korea finally takes place, personal relationships usually take priority over business. Often, the first meeting is used in getting to know their counterpart and to establish a bond. When served a cup of tea or a cup of coffee at the beginning of the meeting, these are usually accepted as an offering of hospitality even though the individual may have had several cups already. They aren’t required to drink it all, but drinking some would show a sign of respect. In South Korea, an individual should always keep a formal appearance as long as their counterpart does, and should refrain from appearing overly friendly. Giving gifts to acquire favors or to build relationships is also a common practice in a business setting in South Korea. Good gifts for a first trip may include office items with the representing company’s logo or something that is commemorative of their home region, but shouldn’t be items made in undeveloped countries, unless they are cultural icons or souvenirs. It is also very common to be invited out after business hours to a restaurant or bar where there will be a lot of alcohol served. If a person doesn’t enjoy drinking, they can gently ask their host where and to what kind of place they are going. They can choose not to join them by giving valid reasons. For South Koreans, informal outings are an important part of establishing and judging the character of the other person. Also, a person should be aware that comments and promises made on these occasions can be taken seriously afterwards. A respectful, lasting connection is the basis for a successful business relationship in South Korea. To solidify this rapport, it is important that a person remains sincere and honest in their business dealings. Keeping in touch after the meeting is also very important. Selection of Negotiators Abilities versus Status In South Korea, the status of the individual is more important than their abilities. For example, when entering a group meeting, the senior member of the party should enter the room first, then the next highest ranking person, and so on. Moreover, the South Koreans will be seated according to their rank and guests must seat appropriately with their counterparts. Another aspect of their status culture involves gifts. When gifts are given to several people within a South Korean organization, a gift of greater value must be given to the senior representative. The gifts given to that person’s subordinates may be similar, as long as they are of lesser value than the one given to their superior. An alternative measure may be giving a gift that the whole team can enjoy. Since people are judged according to their status in South Korea, their status should be emphasized on a business card. This gives the recipient an idea of that individual’s job responsibility and assists him or her in determining the amount of decision-making authority they have. Most importantly, knowing an individual’s status assists a person’s contact in matching with a person who is of a similar rank. When selecting a negotiation team, an effort should be made to find out who will be the participants in the South Korean delegation. Then, it must be ensured that the people chosen to represent a country match the rank of the South Korean members. A mismatch may prove to be embarrassing to both sides. Sending a senior representative can be perceived as a sign of serious interest and commitment. In South Korea, presidents, supervisors and managers tend to have more power over their subordinates than they might have in a similar Western organization. It is so embedded, that it very difficult for a Korean to criticize or go against what his or her senior thinks or wants. Consequently, subordinates have little choice, but to follow their seniors’ instructions. Furthermore, depending on the corporate culture, some may have more egalitarian relationships. Presidents, especially those in larger organizations, typically assign responsibility. When introduced to people occupying high positions in South Korea, they will sometimes know little about the particular project, and will refer an individual to the appropriate person. Presidents and supervisors will often trust dependable subordinates, so it is important not to offend or ignore the lower ranks. Individual’s Aspirations Individual versus Community South Korea is a collectivist culture, so the group, rather than the individual, succeeds. Loyalty to family and friends is very important. There is strong feeling of interdependency among the members of the group. South Koreans tend to think in â€Å"group terms† rather than â€Å"individual terms† for two reasons: Confucianism and patriotism. Therefore, it may be helpful to argue for group benefits in order to close a deal. South Korean negotiators tend to incorporate structures and the concept of family into their negotiating style. That is, in the traditional family, the father is the unquestioned authority with almost absolute power. The father bears the full responsibility for the welfare and future of the family. Similarly, South Korean negotiators employ a strong authoritarian style in order to obtain the greatest benefit for their community, while still seeking the advice of other group members. South Korea still observes the Confucian ethics based on a strong belonging to the group. You could say that they often think in group terms. In other words, what is in the best interest of the group or how can harmony within the group be maintained. Hence, the majority of South Koreans are intensely patriotic, calling South Korea by the term, â€Å"oo-ri-na-ra,† meaning our country. Therefore, with that in mind, the benefits to the group, whether it is to the company or country, should be persuasively put forth in order to close a business deal. Internal Decision-Making Process Independent versus Consensus In South Korea, decisions are made with the consensus of the group, with deference given to the oldest or senior member. The senior member takes the initiative in making the decision, but they consult extensively with the other group members. What is more impressive is that the decisions are based more on emotion and concern for the harmony of the group rather than just cold bottom-line calculations. Since a consensus is important, there are usually lengthy discussions before decisions are made. As result, South Korean business negotiations will usually take longer when compared to Western cultures, so patience will be necessary. Orientation Toward Time Monochronic versus Polychronic After taking a look at the role of the individual, we now need to look at interaction dispositions during a negotiation. The three components in this section, orientation toward time, risk-taking propensity, and basis of trust all contribute to the dispositions of interaction during a negotiation. In the orientation toward time component two aspects stand out for comparison, monochronic and polychronic. Since the orientation toward time dimension refers to the value each party places on time, in monochronic cultures people pay attention to and handle tasks one at a time. And in polychronic cultures people also do schedule appointments but they will â€Å"complete a task or conclude a meeting even if it is necessary to go beyond time originally set aside for that particular task. † South Korean negotiators come from more of a polychronic culture. They place greater emphasis on personal interaction than on keeping to a schedule. They probably feel that time is never wasted, because taking time to know their counterparts and building a relationship is an important task. Risk-Taking Propensity Risk Averse versus Risk Tolerant The second component in the dispositions of interaction is risk-taking propensity. This refers to negotiators’ willingness to take risks. In this component there are two dimensions as well, risk-averse and risk tolerant. Risk-averse negotiators will take steps to avoid the risk of failing to come to an agreement, and risk tolerant negotiators adopt a perspective that there is a level of acceptable risk that should be taken in a negotiation. Risk tolerant negotiators show greater willingness to run the risk of failing to come to an agreement by making fewer concessions or by demanding more. South Korean negotiators tend to be on the risk-averse side, because they may be more likely to make concessions in order to avoid the risk of failing to come to an agreement. They may also â€Å"accept lower rewards for a higher probability of success. † Basis of Trust External to the Parties versus Internal to the Relationship The last component in the dispositions of interaction is the basis of trust. Trust is â€Å"one party’s belief that the other party will take action to honor agreements that have been reached. † In this case there are two aspects of this trust, one external to the parties, and the other is internal to the relationship. In the external to the parties situation, negotiators trust the other party because a contract has been negotiated and agreed to, which can be litigated and enforced. And in the internal to the relationship situation, negotiators trust the other party because they have invested in a relationship that has been built up over time and they believe that the other party is committed to it. The South Korean negotiators lie on the high end of the internal to the relationship aspect, because like most other Asian countries, relationships between parties are what matters the most. Negotiators expect that the other party will consider unique and changing written circumstances over the life of the relationship, and they think that a trust worthy partner is one who strives to maintain the relationship possible by modifying an existing contact to reflect new developments. Concern with Protocol Informal vs. Formal The process of negotiating with another culture is one of the most important factors in a successful transaction. If there is not enough research, and a company decides to enter a venture blindfolded it could be disastrous. There are roughly five steps involved in the negotiating process, preparation, relationship building, exchanging task-related information, persuasion, and finally an agreement. These are not necessarily a set order and they are often intertwined with one another. Also involved in these segments are concerns with protocol, style of communication, nature of persuasion, and the type of agreement. Over the course of the next few pages the negotiation process will be discussed in-depth about dealing with South Korean affiliates. South Koreans are informal dealing with business situations and concentrate on relationship building. They prefer to develop a relationship with their business associates. They also expect to continue the relationship after negotiation is finished. This also means that it may take more time to actually begin business. Dinner, lunch, tea, alcoholic beverages and night life, such as Karaoke, are possible social events that could be used as means of getting to know your business affiliate or for further negotiation. Korean men often compete with drinking; it is not uncommon for a friend to be holding up another friend due to intoxication. It is also an insult if someone buys a drink and it is not accepted. This socializing creates trust in a new business partner and although informal, it allows for a smoother negotiation process. After a few socializing events, business meetings are still informal. When the meeting begins tea is served and then after small talk, negotiation commences. Then through out the meeting smoke breaks may occur regularly, since a majority of the people in South Korea smoke. According to Executive Planet. com, â€Å"Let’s make a deal-Part 1†, â€Å"During negotiations, some Koreans will jump from one topic to another, rather than following the agenda. Similar questions may be asked on numerous occasions by different negotiators†. This is how South Koreans gather their information. They are informal, and do not have a linear time frame. They like for a question to be answer immediately after it has entered their head. They are not concerned with getting off track or continuing a meeting to another date. South Koreans are also occasionally late for appointments. This is not uncommon in there culture. It is understood that traffic or a personal inconvenience has developed and they will be at the appointment shortly. Style of Communication Low-Context vs. High Context Communication is not simply relaying an idea. In South Korea people are higher context than Americans. High context means that, â€Å"feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed; instead, one has to read between the lines and interpret meaning from one’s general understanding† (Managing across boarder, p. 137). Communication has many different faces, such as verbal and nonverbal. In South Korea the nonverbal plays a much higher role in communication than does the verbal information on its own. Nonverbal consist of kenesic behavior, proxemics, paralanguage and object language. A list of nonverbal communication is listed below (Managing across borders, p. 136) ?Facial expressions ?Body posture ?Gestures with hands, arms, head, ect. ? Interpersonal distance ? Touching, body contact ? Eye contact ? Clothing, cosmetics, hairstyle, jewelry ?Paralanguage (voice pitch and inflections, rate of speech, and silence ? Color symbolism ?Attitude toward time and the use of time in business and social interactions ? Food symbolism and social use of meals Kenesic behavior is a person’s body language, which include the first half of the list above, except for interpersonal distance. A hand shake is an example of kenesic behavior. In South Korea it is a custom to shake with your right hand and support your forearm of your right hand with your left. However the handshake should be week, a strong handshake would seem aggressive. Other forms of kenesic behavior of South Koreans are, passing food with both hands to an elder out of respect, not crossing your legs in front of an authority figure, and keeping the soles of your shoes faced downward. This form of communication plays a large role in negotiating with this culture. Everyone needs to feel respected. Interpersonal distance is a form of proxemics. It is how much space we put between ourselves and another person, and how we space out our environments. South Koreans are a low contact culture; they would rather have more space between themselves and another. According to the Executive planet. com South Koreans do not have offices. It is an open atmosphere and instead of knocking on a door to announce your arrival, a cough, or clearing your thought is used to make the other person aware you need their attention. Paralanguage is interpreting how something is said, the speed, tone, and mood of the person saying. Take for instance someone telling you a simple no. Saying it quickly and laughing can be taken unserious. However pausing, and then saying it slowly could be interpreted as uncertainty. According to the Executive Planet . com, â€Å"Sucking in air through your teeth is one way to signal a definite answer of ‘no’† or â€Å"A lukewarm response such as ‘maybe’ accompanied by squinting of eyes or tipping the head back may also be used to express a ‘no’ answer†. (Executive Planet. com, Let’s make a deal-part 3). Lastly Object language is the type of clothing you were, colors and possibly how your business card is designed. Color can be very symbolic and mean many different things; white for example is generally interpreted as pure, and serene. Red on the other hand can mean, anger, or sensuality. Nature of Persuasion Factual-Inductive vs. Affective The type of persuasion used is an element in the negotiation process that needs to be understood thoroughly. This is also a mixture of communication, and protocol. It is important that a solid relationship has been established and trust in your associate has been created. With out this negotiation will be difficult. It is where the most planning needs to be made. South Korea is an affective society, meaning they make decisions emotionally, not deductively. This could mean emotional outburst, or frustrated non-verbal communication. They think collectively as apposed to individually. According to The guide to cross-cultural success, Doing Business Internationally, Inhwa, â€Å"is a key factor influencing South Korean business behavior, Inhwa stresses harmony by linking people of unequal rank, prestige and power through reciprocal and mutually beneficial system of loyalty. †(The guide to cross-cultural success, Doing Business Internationally, p. 269). So persuasion not only needs to push concern for the company, but push concern for Koreans as a family. Other forms of persuasion are gift giving. This is appropriate as long as economic consideration is not overlooked. If an expensive gift is given to someone of lesser economic status, that person would not be able to reciprocate the same value of that gift. This would cause that person to lose face. According to Executive Planet. com, â€Å"Saving face, is an important concept to understand. In South Korean business culture, a person’s reputation and social standing rests on this concept†. Executive Planet. com, Let’s make a deal –part 2). This is the same concept of pride in the United States. Form of Agreement Explicit Contract vs. Implicit Agreement South Koreans make implicit agreements. Even if a contract has been signed this does not mean that negotiation is over. This is often a sign that they are willing to further negotiate. According to a book called, Learning to think Korean, signing a contract, â€Å"usually takes the form of trying to get you to ease up on conditions to which only their reluctant consent was given before signing. It does no good to remind him that he has already agreed to that condition and signed his name to it†. (Learning to think Korean, p. 159) The process of coming to an agreement intertwines all of what we have talked about, communication, relationships, protocol, planning, and persuasion. Overall it takes lots of time and patience to come to a finalized agreement. Recommendations for an American Manager Negotiating effectively cross-culturally is one of the single most important global business skills. Global negotiations contain all of the complexity of domestic negotiations, with the added dimensions of cultural diversity. There are some drastic differences between American and Korean negotiation orientations and behaviors. And after seeing the twelve dimensions of cross cultural negotiations on South Korean, some recommendations should be made to an American negotiator who would have to consider before going into a negotiation. Although South Koreans are informal with protocol be sure not to insult them by being too informal or formal. When you are out socializing do not decline a drink, be it tea, coffee, or an alcoholic beverage. This would be taken as an insult. It is appropriate to continues drinking until the senior or highest ranked person has decided they are finished. If you do not drink alcoholic beverages, explain this, but still participate in the socializing. If you are a woman in the South Korean culture it is inappropriate to drink heavily. In addition even though it is expectable for a Korean to be a little late it is not for a guest, make sure to schedule ample time to get where you are going. Always be aware of your non verbal language. In the United States we cross our legs, have strong handshakes, and blow our noses where ever we are. All of these are insults in the Korean culture. Americans can sometimes seem very direct and almost cold toned. Be aware of this, it will only cause negativity amongst your Korean associates. Remain patient, South Koreans like to take there time. They have a completely different thinking process. Americans think about the end result. South Koreans dissect every aspect of a situation individually before thinking about the end result. By showing frustration, it will cause an adverse affect. It will only create more issues to discuss further and analyze. In dealing with Asian negotiators, knowledge of cultural differences is very important. Although they said that â€Å"knowledge of the Korean culture and language is imperative to success† (â€Å"Business†). For example, the attitudes towards law and sanctity of the contract are different between Westerners and Koreans. In the Western view, contract â€Å"sets out duties and responsibilities for each side and is supposedly sacrosanct† (â€Å"Business†). Although in Korea view, the contract is considered â€Å"an organic document which can change as conditions evolve† (â€Å"Business†). So American negotiators should have this concept already in mind before going into a negotiation with Korean negotiators. Another example of culture differences is in the use of â€Å"expensive gifts and lavish entertainment† as a part of business practice in South Korea. When American negotiators first arrive in Korea, the Korean counterparts might invite them to dinners; take them to a night out, etc. But what American negotiators should take in mind is that this is not a kind of bribery, but rather just how South Koreans do business and build relationships. Work Cited Business Social Etiquette, 24-Apr-2003 21:36, 29-Apr-2004, http://www. craxycolour. com/os/southkorea_02. shtml Cultural Business Considerations for South Korea, Michigan District Export Council, 29-Apr-2004, http://www. exportmichigan. com/korea_cultural_business_considerations. htm Dersky, Helen. International Management, Managing across Borders and Cultures, Pearson Education Inc. , Upper Saddle River New Jersey, 1994 Doing Business in South Korea (with description), Asia travelinfo. com. 19-July-2001 29-Apr-2004, http://www. asiatravelingo. om/south%20korea/doingbusiness. asp Kohls, Robert L. Learning to think Korean, â€Å"A Guide to living and Working in Korea†. Intercultural Press. Yarmouth, ME. 2001 Metcalf, Lynn Bird, Allen. Cultural Influences on Negotiation Behaviors: Resurrecting and Revitalizing an Overlooked Framework. Lynn Metcalf Allen Bird, 2003 South Korean Business Culture, Executive Planet. com, 29-Apr-204 http://www. executiveplanet. com/busi ness-culture-in/132166436472. html Walker, Walker, Schmitz, The Guide to cross-cultural success, Doing business Internationally.

Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats Essay Example

Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats Essay PTERIDOPHYTIC DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF TIRUMALA HILLS (EASTERN GHATS) S. K. M. BASHA*, E. RAJYALAKSHMI, P. UMA MAHESHWARI [emailprotected] com, [emailprotected] co. in, [emailprotected] com Assocate Professor and Research scholars, NBKR Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Vidyanagar – 524413, SPSR Nellore Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India. Key Words: Pteridophytes – Distribution – Diversity – Tirumala Hills Tiruumala is located near the holy city of Tirupati in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State, South India. The geographical coordinates at which it is situated is between latitude 13Â ° and 14Â ° North and longitude 17Â ° East. The Tirumala Hill is 3200 feet above sea level, and is about 10. 33 sq miles in area. It comprises seven hills which are said to represent the seven hoods of Adisesha, thus earning the name, Seshachalam. INTRODUCTUION Pteridophytes are well known for their beauty, elegance and infinite variety. These are non-seed vascular plants which reproduce through spores. Their life cycle includes two chlorophyllous, autotrophic, independent phases namely dominant sporophyte and short lived gametophyte called prothallus. They show transition from simple microphylls to complex macrophylls called fronds. They show wide range of diversity in habitat, morphology, anatomical reproductive structures etc.. The present study reveals the distribution and diversity of pteridophytes in different parts of Tirumala Hills. Materials and Methods Various field visits were organized during 2009-2010 to different parts of Tirumala Hills along with expert Pteridologists. The various species were photographed, collected and preserved in the form of herbarium-specimens. We will write a custom essay sample on Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The herbarium specimens are deposited with the Department of Botany, N. B. K. R Medicinal Plant Research centre, Vidyanagar, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. TABLE 1 SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF PTERIDOPHYTES IN DIFFERENT LOCALITIES OF TIRUMALA HILLS S. NoFamilyName of the PteriodophyteDistribution 1LycopodiaceaeLycopodium cernuumKailasanathavari Kona (Near Puttur), Chittor Dt. 2SelaginellaceaeSelaginella plumosaValleys of Papavinasam, Tumbura theertham, Vishnu Theertham Selaginella rupestrisChandragiri Hills Selaginella bisculata Griffith (K)All valleys of Tirumala Hills Selaginella chrysocaulosAll valleys of Tirumala Hills 3IsoetaceaeIsoetes indicaChakratheertham, Papavinasana Theertham 4PsilotaceaePsilotum nudumChakratheertham, Papavinasana Theertham 5OphioglossaceaeOphioglossum reticulatumTirumala Hills, Vishnu Theertham Ophioglossum costatumChandragiri Hills , near Uppu Chatti and Pappu Chatti Ophioglossum nudicaulis, Linn. F. Tirumala Hills, on the way to Microwave Station 6AngiopteridiaceaeAngiopteris evecta, Hoff (man. Kailasanathavari Kona (Near Puttur), Chittor Dt. 7GleicheniaceaeDicranopetris linearis L. Tirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham, Vishnutheertham, Chakradhara Theertham 8PolypodiaceaeDrynaria quercifolia (L. ) J. SmithPapavinasana Theertham Microsorium scoloperndrium(burn. F) CopelTirumala Hills, Papavinasana valley 9LygodiaceaeLygodium flexuosum (Linn)SWTirumala Hills, Thumbura Theertham Lygodium microphylla (Linn)SWTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham, Japal The ertham 10ActinoperidaceaeActinopteris australis (L. FiL) LinkTirumala Hills and chandragiri hills 11PteridiaceaePallaea concolar Rang FischTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Valley Gogarbham and Thrubura Theertham Pteris quadriaurita L. Tirumala Hills, Papavinasana Valley, Vishnu theertham Pteris tripartita sud. Tirumala Hills, Kailasakona Pteris pellucens AgardhTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham Schizoloma ensifolilum SWTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham 12ParkiriaceaeCeratopteris thalictriodes BrougnChandragiri Hills , near Uppu Chatti and Pappu Chatti 13DryopteridaceaeDryopteris cochleata (Don) C. CharTirumala Hills, Japal Theertham, Srivari Theertham Dryopteris valllichiana (Spreng). Hyl. Tirumala Hills, Japal Theertham, Avvacharikona, Papavinasanam 14AdiantaceaeAdiantum Caudatum L. Tirumala Hills Aleuropteris farinosa (Forsk)FeeTirumala Hills, Srivarimettu, Vishnu Theertham Cheilanthes mysurensis WallTirumala Hills, Japa Theertham, Gogarbham, Chandragiri Hills Hemionites arifollia (Burm. ) MooreTirumala Hills, in all most all Theerthams 15MarsileaceaeMarselia quadrifolia LinnIn the marshy areas of Tirupati and Tirumala Marselia minuta LinnTirumala Hills 6CyatheaceaeCyathea glabra (wall, ex Hook)Tirumala Hills, Avvacharikona, Papavinasana theertham 17NephrolepidaceaeNephrolepis cordifolia (HBK) PreslTirumala Hills, In all most all Theerthams, Kailasanatha vari kona 18BlechinaceaeBlechnum orientale (Linn)Tirumala Hills, Papavinasana valley ! 9AzollaceaeAzolla filiculoides. LChandragiri , Rice fields and also in the pond situated near Mahal Results And Discussions The diverse h abitats and cool, humid climatic conditions of Tirumala hills allow a rich fern flora . We now report 35 species of 25 genera belonging to 19 famillies and are listed in Table-I along with localities of occurrence. Pteridophytic flora of Tirumala hills exhibit wide range of ecological groups like epiphytic, climbing , arboreal , xerophytic, hydrophytic, lithophytic nature. Majority of the genera of ferns i. e. 12 genera out of 25 genera are distributed near Papavenasana Theertham (Water body) and remaining genera also located near other Theerthams. It denotes Pteridophyte’s dependence on water for fertilization even though they are true land plants. Extensive straggling leaves entangled with other leaves and form almost impenetrable thickets in Dicranopteris linearis. Two species of Lygodium are the only climbing ferns in which fronds helps in twining. Angiopteris evects Hoff is a large sized tree fern. Cythea glabra has arborescent caudex with large herbaceous fronds. Actinopteris and Cheilanthes are xerophytic ferns grow well on exposed dry places along forest marzins and Road sides. Nephrolepis cordifolia grows on dripping rocks and almost all species of Selaginella grow on moist rocks in shaded situations. Members of Isoetaceae and Ophioglossaceae grow mixed with grasses and over shadowed by them. Marsellia, Azolla and Ceratopteris are aquatic ferns in which Azolla species are used as biofertillizer in Paddy fields due to its nitrogen fixing capability. CONCLUSION Pteridophytes are found to provide food, fiber, crafts, building material, abrasives and widely used in floral decoration. Few of them like Lycopodium, Cheilanthes and Actinopteris are used in Homeopathic medicine. There is great need for advanced research that may helps in identifying some more species of ferns . This is useful for resource management, conservation of fern diversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels and socioeconomic development of the region.

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Example

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Example The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic hypothesis of the Oedipus complex is considered as one of the most controversial theories in the psychological school of theories in the world. The term Oedipus complex was because of the tale of the King Oedipus and the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles. It dwells on a prophecy whereby a young protagonist man is predicted to murder his father and wed his mother in unclear circumstances (Ahmed, 61). From Freud’s perspective, it is evident that young boys require love form their parents and with specific reference to their mothers all of which is a natural need for nurturing from the mother. In addition, Freud notes that young men unconsciously harbor hatred towards their fathers, which grows into wishing for the death of the father. Freud bases his theory on two portions of the mind, the conscious part and the unconscious part. In addition, he also noted that there was a preconscious part of the mind, which is responsible for the interactions between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind. In addition, he considers that the preconscious and unconscious minds form the smallest parts of the brain. He also considers that the unconscious mind is responsible for instigating man’s desires for cravings and basic things such as sex, food, thirst among others (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 11). From Freud’s perspective, he sates that man is born as an infant who has a pure id. This id is however corrupted and evolves to from wishes of which are unconscious for the growing individual. His views that the corruption of the mind is on the unconscious part could be termed as insufficient and baseless. This is because he states of the division of the brain into three parts, which are diverse in terms of functionality. However in essence the real brain is not divided in the claimed three parts of which he attributes the human traits such as desire, needs and wants. Hence, his claims could also be termed as assumptions or mere speculation as they are lacking. The lack of the three parts of the brain within any real human brain could be a clear illustration of the deviation those theories have had on the psychoanalytic schools of thought (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 34). Thus, his position when applied to man exercising free will could be described as fulfilling the desires of the unconscious part all of which is communicated from the unconscious to the conscious part by the preconscious part of the brain. Freud in efforts to convince people that man in essence has an already mapped out fate or destiny all of which is defined by the unconscious part of the brain and communicated to the conscious part of the brain for execution by the preconscious part of the brain all of which are unseen. Freud’s theories were usually explicit on sexual issues, which were considered as untouchable issues at that period. He considers that man does possess free will but is instead driven by the life drive, which is the desire to survive, and the death drive, which is the desire to kill or cease living. From such issues we draw a conclusion that man has fate or destiny which is already predetermined by the natural forces and more so the unconscious part of the mi nd. Hence, according to Freud man does not possess free will but is instead directed towards a fate. In relation to Liaus and Oedipus, they both were unaware of the presence of each other’s existence and were instead directed towards their fate by the unconscious mind. Hence, they both played their role towards the fulfillment of the prophecy. Furthermore, Freud adds that sex and its related actions are based on the unconscious part of the mind. This brings forth the question as to why consensual sex is mere based on unconscious reactions. Thus if so people would have sex with every other person. From such we are able to arrive at a conclusion that individual actions are made from free will as an individual is able to determine if an action is adequate and right before proceeding with the execution of the task. Freud’s basis on the ‘Oedipus complex’ is based on his theory that attraction or desire for the parent who is preferably of the opposite sex is usually a component in the developmental stage especially for younger male children at around the age of five years. In addition according to Sigmund Freud the behavior exhibited by people in society arises from sex and nature all of which are part of the unconscious part of the brain. In addition, the sex and nature or instincts are neurological messages of the physical needs of humans. Hence, in relation to the mythical story of Oedipus, the death of Liaus, Oedipus’ father happened because of his resentment for his father and coupled by the presence of a complex and unfathomable relationship between Oedipus and his mother. Hence, all of the incidences of the myth of Oedipus are edged on the fate and from such it is easy to state that man lives according to his fate or destiny (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 41). On the other hand, man does not have free will as his actions are based on sexual desires. He presupposes that man when born harbors only sexual desire of which becomes evident in maturity. He lays too much emphasis on sexual desires as the driver of man’s actions and more so his actions of social interactions with other people. This statement is insufficient, as man does not interact on a sexual perspective in day-to-day life. Hence, his conclusion can also be disputed by the modern day psychological schools and modern day medicine. Modern day studies indicate that infants and younger children do not harbor any sexual thoughts or feelings hence his claims that man possesses sexual desires while still in the mother’s womb as an embryo. Such claims are insufficient because his efforts are to convince the world that man has his behavior embedded within his mind. Hence, his or her sexual acts are merely out of the subconscious part of the min (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 49). Oedipus did not consider Queen Jocasta as his biological mother of who he was predicted to marry by the oracle but instead considered her as a potential wife to be as she held the throne. In addition, Oedipus’ encounter, which resulted in the death of his father who was the king, happened when both were unaware of each other’s identity. Thus according to Freud Oedipus’ murder towards a father of whom he was not aware of, happened out of resentment for the male parent. This is an insufficient statement as the tow Oedipus and Liaus were unaware of each other’s identity. In addition, from the same perspective his marriage towards a mother whom he did not consider was out of love for his mother. This is untrue because none of the two had any idea of each other’s identity. On the other hand, fate had a great role to play in the myth because Oedipus and Liaus visited oracles in efforts to avoid each other’s paths. However their efforts were in futility as the two eventually met and Oedipus after committing the murder did not have an idea of the identity of Liaus and if he was his father. Oedipus’ choice to marry a woman well older than him, edged out of free will and fate. Thus, Freud’s view that there exists a sexual attraction for people and their parents of the opposite sex is edged on mere assumptions. This is because Oedipus did not possess any knowledge that he was about to meet his mother in his path of adventure (Ahmed, 68). In conclusion Sigmund Freud’s theory could be considered as mere sexualized as he considers every actions within the human brain is as a result of the need to have physical fulfillment of specific actions. Hence, his theories are inadequate in that they fail to account for other actions by people, which are not based on a sexual perspective. This is because minute actions by people are influenced by their sexuality and sexual thoughts. Hence, the rest of the actions are undetermined. The same theories are also indecent because as an individual I do not consider my mother or father from a sexual perspective without any regard for my gender. Thus we act based on our needs to fulfill specific needs all of which must not fall under a sexual perspective (Ahmed, 70). Work Cited Ahmed, Sofe. â€Å"Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus Complex: A Critical Study With Reference To D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers†Ã¢â‚¬  Internal Journal of English and Literature 3. 3(2012): pp 60-70.Print. Ellis, Albert, Mike Abrams, Lidia Abrams. Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009. Print.

Has ayer shown that causal determinism is compatible with free willin Essay

Has ayer shown that causal determinism is compatible with free willin answering this question you should first explicate ayer's compatibilism and then defend or criticize it - Essay Example Ayer, from her point of view, depicts that all human actions substantiate due to causal laws or they are not. Accordingly, if the causal laws govern these actions, then they are necessary or paramount. Alternatively, if causal laws do not govern these actions, they occur by chance (Ayer 255). Resultantly, one is not acting from a free perception. He depicts free will, and determinism are perfectly compatible. For instance, there are situations where one seems compelled to do something. According to Ayer, one can choose to act or not act out of free will. That is; one can choose to do one thing or otherwise. The position Ayer is that one act with or without compulsion despite the truth of determinism (Ayer 275). Most of the philosophers such as Campbell tries to show that compelled activities do not articulate any article of free will. However, Ayer tries to argue against that view. He insists that one can choose to do something else different from what he or she gets forced to do. The force is external, but the decision made is internal and cannot get changed. This is only different if free will expresses a different perception to act according to the force used or demands made. First, Ayer stipulates that when one is under a constraint, he or she does not act freely. However, the choice gets made. Such an individual may make a decision because of the constraint (Ayer 274). However, Ayer does not fully believe that a specific decision can get dictated despite the constraint. One has the option of making an alternative decision despite the decision made. Ideally, this position may not hold if real implications get accounted. Let’s take an example where a political confidant is forced to air secrets of a political party at gun point. The reality is that one perceives that the only option left is telling the truth or getting killed. Ayer holds that being compelled to talk out the secrets does not mean that one should tell the truth (Ayer 22). He or she has