Socrates And Not Antigone An Effective Policy For...

Contrary, to popular belief, most political actors who have fought against tyranny in the hope to improve the health of their city have done so unsuccessfully just as Antigone was unsuccessful while a select few like Socrates have succeeded. The reason this is so is that most political actors, whether their intentions were genuine or disingenuous did not have a well put together policy that would have improved the health of their city. Accordingly, political actors began to wonder what exactly is the most efficient policy that one should establish that would have a greater contribution to the health of a city? Consequently, I argue that Socrates and not Antigone had a superior policy for improving the health of their respective cities†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Socrates unlike Antigone had a strategy that was effective in reaching his aim in order to improve the health of the city. Socrates strategy unlike Antigone’s was actually well conceived and becaus e of that was far more effective. According, to the book The Trial and Death of Socrates by Plato, Socrates tells the jury that he was able to in fact able to accomplish his goal by living a private life instead of a public life in order to give himself more time to accomplish his goal (Apology pg. 34). This strategy is not only very thought through but is effective for three reasons. First, by trying to accomplish his goal privately instead of publicly he granted himself more time to reach his goal since if he tried to do this publicly the Athenian council would have silenced him long ago. Second, by trying to reach his goal privately he was able to reach a larger audience since anyone could have heard him speak about various topics and debate those who claimed to be wise. As a result,of this Socrates gained many followers like Crito and Plato, who helped him spread his message in order to reach his goal. Third, by initiating this strategy Socrates unlike Antigone was able to direc tly improve the health of the city by successfully providing a service that the people of Athens clearly needed. However, besides looking at the aims of these two characters it is also important to assess

Critical Analysis of Modernism Poems by Ted Hughes

Literary modernism, or modernist literature, has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and verse. Modernists experimented with literary form and expression, adhering to Ezra Pounds maxim to Make it new. The modernist literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of their time. The horrors of the First World War saw the prevailing assumptions about society reassessed such as Sigmund Freud questioned the rationality of mankind. Edward James Ted Hughes, OM (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and†¦show more content†¦Now add to those layers of complexity the fact that Hughes is also seeing the world through the owls eyes (in much the same way that in Hawk, Roosting he sees the world through the hawks eyes - owls are birds of prey, remember, like hawks). Few people have really attempted this getting inside an animals head like Hughes did - one rare other person is Les Murray, in Translations from the Natural World, which would give you a point of reference away from Hughes or Plath. And of course Sylvia herself was also a great nature poet, with her own specialised knowledge of natural history (her father was an expert beekeeper). So theres no way to reduce this to a handful of formulae, Im afraid. Theres much more in the poem than Ive touched on, and you really need to have a basic grasp of Ted and Sylvias relationship, and how Ted responded to her death (especially in Birthday Letters, and in the poem that surfaced late last year specifically about the night of her suicide - it got blanket coverage in the British media when Melvyn Bragg unearthed it.) Its also pretty much impossible to address all these issues without addressing the continuing debate over Teds responsibility for and response to Sylvias death. And the tragedy continues, as Nick committed suicide just a few years after Teds death. Crow: From the Life and Songs of Crow Hughes describes Crow as wandering

Essay on Fundamentals of Marketing Segmentation - 979 Words

Market segmentation is the selection of groups of people who will be most receptive to a product. The most frequent methods of segmenting include demographic variables such as age, sex, race, income, occupation, education, household status, and geographic location; psychographic variables such as life-style, activities, interests, and opinions; product use patterns; and product benefits. Much segmentation involves combinations of these methods. No matter how segments are defined, however, they are characterized by considerable change over time. The segmentation of coco-cola can be described as demographic and psychographic because the main consumers of coco-cola are people in the age group of 30 and below. This can be seen by†¦show more content†¦We could see that from its advertising: Red bull will recover your energy rapidly after your sporting. Red bull is also advertising to promote their products, however not as hard as coco-cola does. We can see red bullss advertising from some cars, their own advertising, and televisions etc. Farmer units products national food like Iced coffee, milk and something else like that. It is targeting middle and old age consumers who care their health much and like to pay for health national drinks though it is not expensive if compare with red bull, but dearer than coco-cola. They are not advertising as hard as coco-cola and red bull does. We only can see their advertising from their own broachers, deli shops etc. Coco-cola Company produces coke, sprite and other soft drinks. Red bull is a company which produce the energy drinks only. The farmer unions produce the national drinks such as iced coffee, milk, and chocolate milk etc. To contrast the price, coco-cola is the cheapest one, only like 50C per can (375 ml). Most people could afford this price. For farmers union, it is a bit more expensive than coke, but cheaper than Red bull. Its price is 2.86 per liter. The people who like the national drinks and care of their health will pay for it. Red Bull is the most expensive one with the price of 150 per can (250 ml), however it is recognize as energy drink worth people to pay for it. We can buy both coke and products in deli shop,Show MoreRelatedford ka case Essay617 Words   |  3 Pagesthe target market for the new product. The car industry was traditionally segmented into size tiers, but Europe’s market for small cars was changing rapidly and even alternative segmentations did not reveal a clear target for the Ka. This case introduces students to the fundamental marketing problem of market segmentation and target selection. Fords situation does not fit the textbook model exactly and so the case is an opportunity to analyse how theory can be applied in the real world; the differenceRead MoreBusiness Fundamentals Serve As The Foundation For All Business Pathways925 Words   |  4 Pagesknowing the fundamentals. 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Coase Theorem in Design of Environmental Policies-Free-Samples

Question: Explain key elements of writings of Ronald Coase and assess their contribution to the design of environmental policy. Answer: Introduction Ronald Coase's original paper, 'The Problem of Social Cost' (1960), is a standout amongst the most referred to articles in the financial aspects and legitimate written works, and quite a bit of this consideration is owed to a suggestion that has come to be known as the Coase Theorem. While the Coase Theorem is in no way, shape or form the main thought contained inside that exposition has caught the consideration and enthusiasm of business analysts and lawful researchers as have couple of different thoughts. Coase contended that, from a monetary point of view, the objective of the lawful framework ought to be built up with examples of rights to such an extent that financial effectiveness is achieved. The lawful framework influences exchanges costs and the objective of such a framework is to limit mischief or expenses, comprehensively considered. In light of this, Coase exhibits the significance of exchange costs by considering the idea of bartering or of agreements that could be struck by utilizing a case of product harm caused by straying steers. He noticed that arrangements among influenced gatherings would bring about an effective and invariant result under the standard presumptions of aggressive markets (particularly, the expenses of executing are zero), insofar as rights are very much characterized. In particular, it is important to know whether the harming business is obligated or not for harm caused since without the foundation of this underlying delimitation of rights there can be no market exchanges to exchange and recombine them. Be that as it may, a definitive outcome (which amplifies the estimation of creation) is free of the legitimate position if the evaluating framework is expected to work without cost. This is as close as Coase comes in his article to expressing what has come to be known as the Coase Theorem Ronald Coase contribution towards the Design of Environmental policy One of the major contributions of Ronald Coase in the early design of Environmental Policy was through his famous writing commonly referred to as the Coase Theorem. Basing the argument on the context of Environmental Pollution and Externalities Coase outlined the following.(Basiago Andrew, 2011) Habitually when it came to environmental pollution, the universal philosophy was that the polluter was supposed to pay for it. A firm polluting the air or water was supposed to pay for the damages that arise (Farrell, 2011). In a simpler case, if a house is built next to a neighbor with livestock yard and the owner does not like the odor of livestock waste from the yard, the traditional values would hold that the government would intervene and stop the operations of the farmer. According to the article The Problem of Social Cost Ronald Coase came up with new insights on the way to perceive social costs and the norm of polluter pays.(Shweizer, 2013) The insight that Coase proposed was the reciprocal nature of the social costs and externalities and has been termed as the Coase Theorem (Farrell, 2011). The key elements of the Coase Theorem; In the above context can be revealed as follows: Yes, it is very true that the operation is hurting the neighbor through air pollution. However, in reacting through the government or legal involvement (by taxing the waste production) it is, on the other hand, harming the farmer (Robson, et al., 2014). Thirdly, the issuance of property rights and the perspective for bargaining outcomes in behavior that is altered to take care of the negative effects our selections have on others, irrespective of which party is primarily given property rights.(Kahneman, et al., 2011) But the final result which maximizes the net worth of production is free of the legal state if the valuing system is presumed to work without cost. Coase mentions that the concern is that no one possesses the air that surrounds the livestock operation and the neighborhood house(R.R, 2014). This then brings a dispute over the way in which air should be used to enthrall livestock odor or to offer a scent free environment in the backyard. An externality is an uncontracted impact (Robson, et al., 2014). It is a harm or benefit that goes uncompensated. Whenever the cost of someones behavior is not included into a price by which a choice can be prized, it harms without even compensating for it. (I.e. existence of negative externality)(Kelman W, 2011).However, if the farmer owns the rights to the air, then he can choose to pollute the air. If the neighbor own rights to the air, then he can prevent the farmer from polluting it. If none owns the air, then it follows the rule of first come first served or else the winner takes it all. (Stigler, 2011) Decisions regarding how the air should be used will be centered on the local understanding and preferences of both parties. This can be consummated without major government interventions or the indiscriminate imposition of taxes(Farrell, 2011). The issuance of property rights and the ability for bargaining results in a conduct that is changed to account for the negative effects choices have on others, irrespective of who owns the rights. This is the principle of what is known as Coase Theorem.(Kelman W, 2011) The Coase Theorem argues in the context of zero transaction costs, and roughly in the existence of transaction costs that bounds the bargaining progression and establishment of a price that reveals local understanding and preferences associated with externality(Madema Zerbejr, 2014). In the context of high transaction costs, Coase debates that courts should do their best to forestall the economics convoluted in making the initial issuance of property rights.(Robson, et al., 2014) Coase argues that in some scenarios, governments may do a better work assigning resources in the aspect of high transaction costs, but is doubtful(Madema Zerbejr, 2014). Appreciating the knowledge problem and the matters linked to government decision-making from public selection theory makes government involvement a questionable approach in dealing with social costs. (Farrell, 2011) Coasian Bargaining The bargaining by Coasian is founded on the concepts of Ronald H. Coase the receiver of the year 1991 Nobel Prize in the field of economics behind his findings and explanation of the significance of costs of transaction and the rights of property for the effective organization and functioning of an economy (Robson, et al., 2014). In accordance to his article, the social costs problems (1960), he suggests that clearly-defined property rights can overwhelm the matters of externalities since many environmental hitches emerge as a result poorly distinct or the absence of property rights.(Kelman W, 2011) Supposing that property rights are under the polluter and that the costs of transaction are held at zero(Farrell, 2011), the Coase theorem outlines that the polluter and the victim can reach a jointly constructive bargain if the destruction from pollution is greater than polluters net profit from the sale of the products producing such a pollution. In this context, payments from the affected party to the polluter would moderate the pollution.(Kelman W, 2011) Therefore, Coase theorem outlines that the greatest competent solution to resolving mutually dependent uses of the environment, pollution problems inclusive, is a bargaining practice amongst significant property owners(Kelman W, 2011). If the rights of property are set to polluters, victims will be required to pay them not to pollute, establishing a market-like solution affiliated to a system for overheads of ecosystem services. Otherwise, if rights of property are directed to victims, the polluters may reimburse the victim or purchase the right to pollute.(Robson, et al., 2014) Thus, the cost of the agreed outcome is mutual between the parties without any external mediation. If transaction costs are negligible, the resulting distribution of resources will be effective (that is, the resource will be devoted to its highest prized use) irrespective of the initial sharing of property rights(Robson, et al., 2014). The conception of a market in the Coase solution suppresses externalities; however, it does not essentially bring pollution to zero levels. Furthermore, it cannot be realistic to externalities affecting prospect generations or other species.(Madema Zerbejr, 2014) For instance, reflect a chemical factory unit delivering advantageous items yet, in addition, contaminating with its smoke. In the event that a definitive legitimate system issues individuals the privilege to take clean air, they could influence the industrial facility to create a diminished measure of or nothing by any stretch of the imagination (Robson, et al., 2014). Nonetheless, accepting that the manufacturing plant is prepared to spend up to USD 5 for every unit for the privilege to sufficiently dirty so as to deliver its items, If this sum is reflected to of more prominent worth than that of clean air, society will take the cash and endure such a contamination. Then again, if the privilege to contaminate given to the firm, individuals can bung the firm to dirty less.(Kelman W, 2011) The Coasian bargaining strategy is an appealing one to somewhere in the range of: an economy might have the capacity to accomplish Pareto-effective asset assignment (that is, no people can be improved off without aggravating another person off) without inescapable government control (Robson, et al., 2014). Additionally, Coasian dealing arrangements can be especially intriguing for worldwide externalities, since there is no supranational natural security organization with the vital expert to force reduction mandates or contamination charges. In any case, the quantity of circumstances for which Coasian bartering is possible and attractive is restricted. To start with, Coasian haggling does not wipe out the part of government in doling out introductory property rights(Kelman W, 2011). This procedure will be liable to particular vested party campaigning and lease chasing. Furthermore, on the grounds that numerous ecological externalities are aberrant, combined and dubious and in light of the fact that falling back on the legitimate framework includes wastefulness, the expenses of authorizing or striking a Coasian deal might be extensive. Besides, the same number of externalities are intertemporal, future ages are essentially not present in any deal.(Robson, et al., 2014) Another point of confinement to Coasian markets originates from the way that numerous natural externalities, similar to auto outflows or commotion in the region of airplane terminals, or worldwide impacts, for example, environmental change and ozone layer decimation, include a substantial number of individuals (Robson, et al., 2014). For instance, a rancher who contaminates his water supply might be one of the various upstream agriculturists influencing a large number of downstream neighbors'. Conveying all the important specialists to the arranging table would be troublesome and costly. The exchange costs (of accumulating the premiums of all the influenced parties, enlisting attorneys, arranging an ideal reduction level, and authorizing a market assention) will keep a private deal even with a reasonable assignment of rights. (Kelman W, 2011) Besides, people will be enticed to go about as free riders in arrangements, undermining the transactions themselves. People would regard the result of arrangements as outside their ability to control and along these lines, be unwilling to shoulder any exchange costs (Kelman W, 2011). In this way, when externalities occur in future, or when exchange costs are vital and when the quantity of members is extensive, Coasian answers for ecological externalities must be discounted. The Behavioral Economics Behavioral Economics refers to the basics of human psychology in reference to the economic decision-making procedures of people and institutions. The two most important queries arise in this scenario, firstly, whether economists' conventions of utility or returns maximization are good estimates of the real people's behavior and secondly, whether people maximize the subjective utility expected.(DO , 2013) Behavioural economics investigation has had an important part in advising policymakers in fields such as individual health, job markets, user markets and personal finance(Gneezy List, 2014). A number of governments utilised this mechanism which encourages the attention of perceptions from behavioural economics in their reflections concerning policy making. In U.K for example(Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014), Behavioural Expert Team dwells directly in the Cabinet Headquarters, and has been dynamic across a diversity of policy areas(Allison, 2015). In European Commission similarly, the Director of Health and Consumers has commissioned a framework undertake to support behavioural economics function in the whole Commission(Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014). Additionally, In United States, the Agency of Management and Budget has adopted motivations from behavioural economics in the fields of health care delivery and financial directives.(Basiago Andrew, 2011) The approaches exploited in behavioural economics exploration include laboratory and field experiments, occasionally involving thousands of people(Allison, 2015). The benefits of using approaches of this nature are that they are certainly interpretable even by non-experts (i.e. they do not necessitate sophisticated speculative modelling)(Basiago Andrew, 2011), and yet offer a scientifically effective way of testing the success, costs, and public appropriateness of innovative policy tools.(Hursh, 2012) In the ideal situation, people always make prime decisions that give them the greatest gains and satisfaction. In accordance with the famous rational choice theory, when humans are offered with several options under the situations of scarcity, they would select the option that maximizes their personal satisfaction(Sent, 2014). This theory adopts that individuals, given their partialities and constraints, are proficient of making coherent choices by effectively making comparisons between the costs and returns of each alternative available to them. The ultimate decision is always the best option for the individual.(Thaler , 2014) Behavioral economics argues on psychology and economics perspective to explore the reason behind people making irrational decisions, and exactly how their behavior sometimes does not adhere to the forecasts of economic models(Allison, 2015). Some decisions like how much to pay for a coffee cup, whether to join a graduate school, pursuing a healthy lifestyle, contribution to the retirement scheme and investment choices, are decisions that individuals make at some point in their lives. Behavioral economics strives to explain the reasons behind individuals making a certain choice and not the others.(Thaler , 2014) One solicitation of behavioral economics is the use of rules of thumb or psychological shortcuts to make prompt decisions. However, when these decisions result in errors, heuristics means cognitive preconception(Gneezy List, 2014). Behavioral game theory can also be practical to behavioral economics as it runs experiments to analyze peoples decisions to make irrational decisions. Another area in which behavioral economics can be utilized is behavioral finance, which opts to explain reasons behind investors making rash resolutions when trading in the investment markets.(DO , 2013) Companies are gradually incorporating behavioral economics in designing their policies to upsurge sales of their goods and services. A good example can be seen in the price of 8GB iPhone in the year 2007; it was introduced at $600 and swiftly reduced to $400. What if the phone was launched at $400 anyway? If Apple launched this smartphone at $400, the primary reaction to the price might be negative as it would have been perceived to be too pricey. But by launching it at a higher price and reducing it to $400, consumers developed a notion that they were receiving a pretty good deal and as a result, sales surged for Apple.(Thaler , 2014) Another typical example can be seen in designing policies for the promotion of healthy living as implemented by the government of Iceland in its attempt towards motivating children to exercise more and eat healthier(Hursh, 2012). In collaboration with some TV programs and exploiting the reputation of the program, the government started an initiative. It collaborated with a big supermarket chain, fruits and vegetables were labeled as Candy Sports a brand that the television program used for fruits and vegetables. This change led to a 22 percent increase in fruits and vegetable sales.(Thaler , 2014) Similarly, considering a soap company that produces the same soap but advertises them in diverse packages to please multiple target crowds, one package marketing the soap for all soap users while the other for customers with sensitive skin. The second target would not have bought the product if the bundle did not stipulate that the soap was for sensitive skins. Consumers will opt for the soap with the sensitive skins tag even though its exactly the same product in the overall package.(DO , 2013) Conclusion At last, the importance of the Coase Theorem must be comprehended in Epistemological terms. The 'rightness' of the Theorem involves intelligent legitimacy; by and large, the Theorem is a conclusion got from premises and the part of the presumptions constituting its premises is to discount of thought every one of those factors which would keep the inference of the determination as an issue of rationale. The legitimacy of the Theorem, in this manner, is a component of the suppositions characterizing ceaselessly certain constraining conditions. The experimental truth of the Theorem - its spellbinding exactness - is a different issue from its consistent legitimacy. The Theorem considered observationally is an inclination articulation, an announcement that under specific conditions such and such conduct and allocative et cetera results can be normal; that is, a law in the Marshallian sense. In any case, the intelligent and exact perspectives are firmly identified with each other In that changing the assumption states of the Theorem is commensurate to changing the conditions as far as which the Theorem is a propensity proclamation. The Theorem is an inclination or likelihood explanation in a further observational sense, to mind: the test writing shows that the outcomes expected on the premise of specific particulars of the Theorem are acknowledged something short of what 100% of the time. Given the prior, it turns out to be evident that a great part of the writing on the Coase Theorem not just overextends as far as the regularizing suggestions More or less dishonourably drawn from the Theorem, however neglects to indicate the weightiness of the Theorem in such terms - promptly prompting rehearses which make claims for and take the Theorem a long ways past what logicality and experimentation allow. Work Cited Allison, 2015. Behavioral Economics. s.l.:Praeger publishers. Basiago Andrew, 2011. Economics, social and environmental sustainability in development theory. Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014. Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge University press ed. Dobson, 2015. Environmental Sustainability. DO W., 2013. Behavioral Economics. Advances in Behavioral Economics, p. 669. Farrell, j., 2011. Coase Theorem and information. Economic Perspective, pp. 113-129. Gneezy List, 2014. Putting behavioral economics at work. Hursh, 2012. Behavioral economics. Journal of experimental analysis of behaviour. Kahneman, Knetsh Thaler, 2011. Experimental tests of coase theorem. journal of economics. Kelman W, P., 2011. Consumption and Product theory under Coase Theorem ideology. Kemp, 2013. Environmental policy and Technical change. Madema Zerbejr, 2014. Coase Theorem CRESP. journal of economic and social policy. Panayotou, 2011. empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation. R.R, C., 2014. Coase theorem. s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan U.K. Robson, A, A. S., 2014. Costly enactment of the rights of property and the Coase theory. Sent, 2014. Behavioral economics. How psychology has its way back to Economy. Shweizer, 2013. Externalities and coase theorem. journal of institutional and theoritical economics. Stigler, 2011. Two notes on Coase Theorem. Stigler, n.d. Two notes on coase Theorem. Thaler B., 2014. Increasing Employees Savings. Political Economics, pp. 164-187. Vogel, 2011. National styles of regulation. Washington: Us press.