Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats Essay Example

Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats Essay PTERIDOPHYTIC DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF TIRUMALA HILLS (EASTERN GHATS) S. K. M. BASHA*, E. RAJYALAKSHMI, P. UMA MAHESHWARI [emailprotected] com, [emailprotected] co. in, [emailprotected] com Assocate Professor and Research scholars, NBKR Medicinal Plant Research Centre, Vidyanagar – 524413, SPSR Nellore Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India. Key Words: Pteridophytes – Distribution – Diversity – Tirumala Hills Tiruumala is located near the holy city of Tirupati in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State, South India. The geographical coordinates at which it is situated is between latitude 13Â ° and 14Â ° North and longitude 17Â ° East. The Tirumala Hill is 3200 feet above sea level, and is about 10. 33 sq miles in area. It comprises seven hills which are said to represent the seven hoods of Adisesha, thus earning the name, Seshachalam. INTRODUCTUION Pteridophytes are well known for their beauty, elegance and infinite variety. These are non-seed vascular plants which reproduce through spores. Their life cycle includes two chlorophyllous, autotrophic, independent phases namely dominant sporophyte and short lived gametophyte called prothallus. They show transition from simple microphylls to complex macrophylls called fronds. They show wide range of diversity in habitat, morphology, anatomical reproductive structures etc.. The present study reveals the distribution and diversity of pteridophytes in different parts of Tirumala Hills. Materials and Methods Various field visits were organized during 2009-2010 to different parts of Tirumala Hills along with expert Pteridologists. The various species were photographed, collected and preserved in the form of herbarium-specimens. We will write a custom essay sample on Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pteridophytic Distribution and Diversity of Tirumala Hills, Eastern Ghats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The herbarium specimens are deposited with the Department of Botany, N. B. K. R Medicinal Plant Research centre, Vidyanagar, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. TABLE 1 SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF PTERIDOPHYTES IN DIFFERENT LOCALITIES OF TIRUMALA HILLS S. NoFamilyName of the PteriodophyteDistribution 1LycopodiaceaeLycopodium cernuumKailasanathavari Kona (Near Puttur), Chittor Dt. 2SelaginellaceaeSelaginella plumosaValleys of Papavinasam, Tumbura theertham, Vishnu Theertham Selaginella rupestrisChandragiri Hills Selaginella bisculata Griffith (K)All valleys of Tirumala Hills Selaginella chrysocaulosAll valleys of Tirumala Hills 3IsoetaceaeIsoetes indicaChakratheertham, Papavinasana Theertham 4PsilotaceaePsilotum nudumChakratheertham, Papavinasana Theertham 5OphioglossaceaeOphioglossum reticulatumTirumala Hills, Vishnu Theertham Ophioglossum costatumChandragiri Hills , near Uppu Chatti and Pappu Chatti Ophioglossum nudicaulis, Linn. F. Tirumala Hills, on the way to Microwave Station 6AngiopteridiaceaeAngiopteris evecta, Hoff (man. Kailasanathavari Kona (Near Puttur), Chittor Dt. 7GleicheniaceaeDicranopetris linearis L. Tirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham, Vishnutheertham, Chakradhara Theertham 8PolypodiaceaeDrynaria quercifolia (L. ) J. SmithPapavinasana Theertham Microsorium scoloperndrium(burn. F) CopelTirumala Hills, Papavinasana valley 9LygodiaceaeLygodium flexuosum (Linn)SWTirumala Hills, Thumbura Theertham Lygodium microphylla (Linn)SWTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham, Japal The ertham 10ActinoperidaceaeActinopteris australis (L. FiL) LinkTirumala Hills and chandragiri hills 11PteridiaceaePallaea concolar Rang FischTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Valley Gogarbham and Thrubura Theertham Pteris quadriaurita L. Tirumala Hills, Papavinasana Valley, Vishnu theertham Pteris tripartita sud. Tirumala Hills, Kailasakona Pteris pellucens AgardhTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham Schizoloma ensifolilum SWTirumala Hills, Papavinasana Theertham 12ParkiriaceaeCeratopteris thalictriodes BrougnChandragiri Hills , near Uppu Chatti and Pappu Chatti 13DryopteridaceaeDryopteris cochleata (Don) C. CharTirumala Hills, Japal Theertham, Srivari Theertham Dryopteris valllichiana (Spreng). Hyl. Tirumala Hills, Japal Theertham, Avvacharikona, Papavinasanam 14AdiantaceaeAdiantum Caudatum L. Tirumala Hills Aleuropteris farinosa (Forsk)FeeTirumala Hills, Srivarimettu, Vishnu Theertham Cheilanthes mysurensis WallTirumala Hills, Japa Theertham, Gogarbham, Chandragiri Hills Hemionites arifollia (Burm. ) MooreTirumala Hills, in all most all Theerthams 15MarsileaceaeMarselia quadrifolia LinnIn the marshy areas of Tirupati and Tirumala Marselia minuta LinnTirumala Hills 6CyatheaceaeCyathea glabra (wall, ex Hook)Tirumala Hills, Avvacharikona, Papavinasana theertham 17NephrolepidaceaeNephrolepis cordifolia (HBK) PreslTirumala Hills, In all most all Theerthams, Kailasanatha vari kona 18BlechinaceaeBlechnum orientale (Linn)Tirumala Hills, Papavinasana valley ! 9AzollaceaeAzolla filiculoides. LChandragiri , Rice fields and also in the pond situated near Mahal Results And Discussions The diverse h abitats and cool, humid climatic conditions of Tirumala hills allow a rich fern flora . We now report 35 species of 25 genera belonging to 19 famillies and are listed in Table-I along with localities of occurrence. Pteridophytic flora of Tirumala hills exhibit wide range of ecological groups like epiphytic, climbing , arboreal , xerophytic, hydrophytic, lithophytic nature. Majority of the genera of ferns i. e. 12 genera out of 25 genera are distributed near Papavenasana Theertham (Water body) and remaining genera also located near other Theerthams. It denotes Pteridophyte’s dependence on water for fertilization even though they are true land plants. Extensive straggling leaves entangled with other leaves and form almost impenetrable thickets in Dicranopteris linearis. Two species of Lygodium are the only climbing ferns in which fronds helps in twining. Angiopteris evects Hoff is a large sized tree fern. Cythea glabra has arborescent caudex with large herbaceous fronds. Actinopteris and Cheilanthes are xerophytic ferns grow well on exposed dry places along forest marzins and Road sides. Nephrolepis cordifolia grows on dripping rocks and almost all species of Selaginella grow on moist rocks in shaded situations. Members of Isoetaceae and Ophioglossaceae grow mixed with grasses and over shadowed by them. Marsellia, Azolla and Ceratopteris are aquatic ferns in which Azolla species are used as biofertillizer in Paddy fields due to its nitrogen fixing capability. CONCLUSION Pteridophytes are found to provide food, fiber, crafts, building material, abrasives and widely used in floral decoration. Few of them like Lycopodium, Cheilanthes and Actinopteris are used in Homeopathic medicine. There is great need for advanced research that may helps in identifying some more species of ferns . This is useful for resource management, conservation of fern diversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels and socioeconomic development of the region.

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Example

The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Example The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: The Interpretation of Dreams Oedipus Rex Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic hypothesis of the Oedipus complex is considered as one of the most controversial theories in the psychological school of theories in the world. The term Oedipus complex was because of the tale of the King Oedipus and the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles. It dwells on a prophecy whereby a young protagonist man is predicted to murder his father and wed his mother in unclear circumstances (Ahmed, 61). From Freud’s perspective, it is evident that young boys require love form their parents and with specific reference to their mothers all of which is a natural need for nurturing from the mother. In addition, Freud notes that young men unconsciously harbor hatred towards their fathers, which grows into wishing for the death of the father. Freud bases his theory on two portions of the mind, the conscious part and the unconscious part. In addition, he also noted that there was a preconscious part of the mind, which is responsible for the interactions between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind. In addition, he considers that the preconscious and unconscious minds form the smallest parts of the brain. He also considers that the unconscious mind is responsible for instigating man’s desires for cravings and basic things such as sex, food, thirst among others (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 11). From Freud’s perspective, he sates that man is born as an infant who has a pure id. This id is however corrupted and evolves to from wishes of which are unconscious for the growing individual. His views that the corruption of the mind is on the unconscious part could be termed as insufficient and baseless. This is because he states of the division of the brain into three parts, which are diverse in terms of functionality. However in essence the real brain is not divided in the claimed three parts of which he attributes the human traits such as desire, needs and wants. Hence, his claims could also be termed as assumptions or mere speculation as they are lacking. The lack of the three parts of the brain within any real human brain could be a clear illustration of the deviation those theories have had on the psychoanalytic schools of thought (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 34). Thus, his position when applied to man exercising free will could be described as fulfilling the desires of the unconscious part all of which is communicated from the unconscious to the conscious part by the preconscious part of the brain. Freud in efforts to convince people that man in essence has an already mapped out fate or destiny all of which is defined by the unconscious part of the brain and communicated to the conscious part of the brain for execution by the preconscious part of the brain all of which are unseen. Freud’s theories were usually explicit on sexual issues, which were considered as untouchable issues at that period. He considers that man does possess free will but is instead driven by the life drive, which is the desire to survive, and the death drive, which is the desire to kill or cease living. From such issues we draw a conclusion that man has fate or destiny which is already predetermined by the natural forces and more so the unconscious part of the mi nd. Hence, according to Freud man does not possess free will but is instead directed towards a fate. In relation to Liaus and Oedipus, they both were unaware of the presence of each other’s existence and were instead directed towards their fate by the unconscious mind. Hence, they both played their role towards the fulfillment of the prophecy. Furthermore, Freud adds that sex and its related actions are based on the unconscious part of the mind. This brings forth the question as to why consensual sex is mere based on unconscious reactions. Thus if so people would have sex with every other person. From such we are able to arrive at a conclusion that individual actions are made from free will as an individual is able to determine if an action is adequate and right before proceeding with the execution of the task. Freud’s basis on the ‘Oedipus complex’ is based on his theory that attraction or desire for the parent who is preferably of the opposite sex is usually a component in the developmental stage especially for younger male children at around the age of five years. In addition according to Sigmund Freud the behavior exhibited by people in society arises from sex and nature all of which are part of the unconscious part of the brain. In addition, the sex and nature or instincts are neurological messages of the physical needs of humans. Hence, in relation to the mythical story of Oedipus, the death of Liaus, Oedipus’ father happened because of his resentment for his father and coupled by the presence of a complex and unfathomable relationship between Oedipus and his mother. Hence, all of the incidences of the myth of Oedipus are edged on the fate and from such it is easy to state that man lives according to his fate or destiny (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 41). On the other hand, man does not have free will as his actions are based on sexual desires. He presupposes that man when born harbors only sexual desire of which becomes evident in maturity. He lays too much emphasis on sexual desires as the driver of man’s actions and more so his actions of social interactions with other people. This statement is insufficient, as man does not interact on a sexual perspective in day-to-day life. Hence, his conclusion can also be disputed by the modern day psychological schools and modern day medicine. Modern day studies indicate that infants and younger children do not harbor any sexual thoughts or feelings hence his claims that man possesses sexual desires while still in the mother’s womb as an embryo. Such claims are insufficient because his efforts are to convince the world that man has his behavior embedded within his mind. Hence, his or her sexual acts are merely out of the subconscious part of the min (Ellis, Abrams, Lidia, 49). Oedipus did not consider Queen Jocasta as his biological mother of who he was predicted to marry by the oracle but instead considered her as a potential wife to be as she held the throne. In addition, Oedipus’ encounter, which resulted in the death of his father who was the king, happened when both were unaware of each other’s identity. Thus according to Freud Oedipus’ murder towards a father of whom he was not aware of, happened out of resentment for the male parent. This is an insufficient statement as the tow Oedipus and Liaus were unaware of each other’s identity. In addition, from the same perspective his marriage towards a mother whom he did not consider was out of love for his mother. This is untrue because none of the two had any idea of each other’s identity. On the other hand, fate had a great role to play in the myth because Oedipus and Liaus visited oracles in efforts to avoid each other’s paths. However their efforts were in futility as the two eventually met and Oedipus after committing the murder did not have an idea of the identity of Liaus and if he was his father. Oedipus’ choice to marry a woman well older than him, edged out of free will and fate. Thus, Freud’s view that there exists a sexual attraction for people and their parents of the opposite sex is edged on mere assumptions. This is because Oedipus did not possess any knowledge that he was about to meet his mother in his path of adventure (Ahmed, 68). In conclusion Sigmund Freud’s theory could be considered as mere sexualized as he considers every actions within the human brain is as a result of the need to have physical fulfillment of specific actions. Hence, his theories are inadequate in that they fail to account for other actions by people, which are not based on a sexual perspective. This is because minute actions by people are influenced by their sexuality and sexual thoughts. Hence, the rest of the actions are undetermined. The same theories are also indecent because as an individual I do not consider my mother or father from a sexual perspective without any regard for my gender. Thus we act based on our needs to fulfill specific needs all of which must not fall under a sexual perspective (Ahmed, 70). Work Cited Ahmed, Sofe. â€Å"Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Oedipus Complex: A Critical Study With Reference To D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers†Ã¢â‚¬  Internal Journal of English and Literature 3. 3(2012): pp 60-70.Print. Ellis, Albert, Mike Abrams, Lidia Abrams. Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2009. Print.

Has ayer shown that causal determinism is compatible with free willin Essay

Has ayer shown that causal determinism is compatible with free willin answering this question you should first explicate ayer's compatibilism and then defend or criticize it - Essay Example Ayer, from her point of view, depicts that all human actions substantiate due to causal laws or they are not. Accordingly, if the causal laws govern these actions, then they are necessary or paramount. Alternatively, if causal laws do not govern these actions, they occur by chance (Ayer 255). Resultantly, one is not acting from a free perception. He depicts free will, and determinism are perfectly compatible. For instance, there are situations where one seems compelled to do something. According to Ayer, one can choose to act or not act out of free will. That is; one can choose to do one thing or otherwise. The position Ayer is that one act with or without compulsion despite the truth of determinism (Ayer 275). Most of the philosophers such as Campbell tries to show that compelled activities do not articulate any article of free will. However, Ayer tries to argue against that view. He insists that one can choose to do something else different from what he or she gets forced to do. The force is external, but the decision made is internal and cannot get changed. This is only different if free will expresses a different perception to act according to the force used or demands made. First, Ayer stipulates that when one is under a constraint, he or she does not act freely. However, the choice gets made. Such an individual may make a decision because of the constraint (Ayer 274). However, Ayer does not fully believe that a specific decision can get dictated despite the constraint. One has the option of making an alternative decision despite the decision made. Ideally, this position may not hold if real implications get accounted. Let’s take an example where a political confidant is forced to air secrets of a political party at gun point. The reality is that one perceives that the only option left is telling the truth or getting killed. Ayer holds that being compelled to talk out the secrets does not mean that one should tell the truth (Ayer 22). He or she has