Essay on Fundamentals of Marketing Segmentation - 979 Words

Market segmentation is the selection of groups of people who will be most receptive to a product. The most frequent methods of segmenting include demographic variables such as age, sex, race, income, occupation, education, household status, and geographic location; psychographic variables such as life-style, activities, interests, and opinions; product use patterns; and product benefits. Much segmentation involves combinations of these methods. No matter how segments are defined, however, they are characterized by considerable change over time. The segmentation of coco-cola can be described as demographic and psychographic because the main consumers of coco-cola are people in the age group of 30 and below. This can be seen by†¦show more content†¦We could see that from its advertising: Red bull will recover your energy rapidly after your sporting. Red bull is also advertising to promote their products, however not as hard as coco-cola does. We can see red bullss advertising from some cars, their own advertising, and televisions etc. Farmer units products national food like Iced coffee, milk and something else like that. It is targeting middle and old age consumers who care their health much and like to pay for health national drinks though it is not expensive if compare with red bull, but dearer than coco-cola. They are not advertising as hard as coco-cola and red bull does. We only can see their advertising from their own broachers, deli shops etc. Coco-cola Company produces coke, sprite and other soft drinks. Red bull is a company which produce the energy drinks only. The farmer unions produce the national drinks such as iced coffee, milk, and chocolate milk etc. To contrast the price, coco-cola is the cheapest one, only like 50C per can (375 ml). Most people could afford this price. For farmers union, it is a bit more expensive than coke, but cheaper than Red bull. Its price is 2.86 per liter. The people who like the national drinks and care of their health will pay for it. Red Bull is the most expensive one with the price of 150 per can (250 ml), however it is recognize as energy drink worth people to pay for it. We can buy both coke and products in deli shop,Show MoreRelatedford ka case Essay617 Words   |  3 Pagesthe target market for the new product. The car industry was traditionally segmented into size tiers, but Europe’s market for small cars was changing rapidly and even alternative segmentations did not reveal a clear target for the Ka. This case introduces students to the fundamental marketing problem of market segmentation and target selection. Fords situation does not fit the textbook model exactly and so the case is an opportunity to analyse how theory can be applied in the real world; the differenceRead MoreBusiness Fundamentals Serve As The Foundation For All Business Pathways925 Words   |  4 Pagesknowing the fundamentals. 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Coase Theorem in Design of Environmental Policies-Free-Samples

Question: Explain key elements of writings of Ronald Coase and assess their contribution to the design of environmental policy. Answer: Introduction Ronald Coase's original paper, 'The Problem of Social Cost' (1960), is a standout amongst the most referred to articles in the financial aspects and legitimate written works, and quite a bit of this consideration is owed to a suggestion that has come to be known as the Coase Theorem. While the Coase Theorem is in no way, shape or form the main thought contained inside that exposition has caught the consideration and enthusiasm of business analysts and lawful researchers as have couple of different thoughts. Coase contended that, from a monetary point of view, the objective of the lawful framework ought to be built up with examples of rights to such an extent that financial effectiveness is achieved. The lawful framework influences exchanges costs and the objective of such a framework is to limit mischief or expenses, comprehensively considered. In light of this, Coase exhibits the significance of exchange costs by considering the idea of bartering or of agreements that could be struck by utilizing a case of product harm caused by straying steers. He noticed that arrangements among influenced gatherings would bring about an effective and invariant result under the standard presumptions of aggressive markets (particularly, the expenses of executing are zero), insofar as rights are very much characterized. In particular, it is important to know whether the harming business is obligated or not for harm caused since without the foundation of this underlying delimitation of rights there can be no market exchanges to exchange and recombine them. Be that as it may, a definitive outcome (which amplifies the estimation of creation) is free of the legitimate position if the evaluating framework is expected to work without cost. This is as close as Coase comes in his article to expressing what has come to be known as the Coase Theorem Ronald Coase contribution towards the Design of Environmental policy One of the major contributions of Ronald Coase in the early design of Environmental Policy was through his famous writing commonly referred to as the Coase Theorem. Basing the argument on the context of Environmental Pollution and Externalities Coase outlined the following.(Basiago Andrew, 2011) Habitually when it came to environmental pollution, the universal philosophy was that the polluter was supposed to pay for it. A firm polluting the air or water was supposed to pay for the damages that arise (Farrell, 2011). In a simpler case, if a house is built next to a neighbor with livestock yard and the owner does not like the odor of livestock waste from the yard, the traditional values would hold that the government would intervene and stop the operations of the farmer. According to the article The Problem of Social Cost Ronald Coase came up with new insights on the way to perceive social costs and the norm of polluter pays.(Shweizer, 2013) The insight that Coase proposed was the reciprocal nature of the social costs and externalities and has been termed as the Coase Theorem (Farrell, 2011). The key elements of the Coase Theorem; In the above context can be revealed as follows: Yes, it is very true that the operation is hurting the neighbor through air pollution. However, in reacting through the government or legal involvement (by taxing the waste production) it is, on the other hand, harming the farmer (Robson, et al., 2014). Thirdly, the issuance of property rights and the perspective for bargaining outcomes in behavior that is altered to take care of the negative effects our selections have on others, irrespective of which party is primarily given property rights.(Kahneman, et al., 2011) But the final result which maximizes the net worth of production is free of the legal state if the valuing system is presumed to work without cost. Coase mentions that the concern is that no one possesses the air that surrounds the livestock operation and the neighborhood house(R.R, 2014). This then brings a dispute over the way in which air should be used to enthrall livestock odor or to offer a scent free environment in the backyard. An externality is an uncontracted impact (Robson, et al., 2014). It is a harm or benefit that goes uncompensated. Whenever the cost of someones behavior is not included into a price by which a choice can be prized, it harms without even compensating for it. (I.e. existence of negative externality)(Kelman W, 2011).However, if the farmer owns the rights to the air, then he can choose to pollute the air. If the neighbor own rights to the air, then he can prevent the farmer from polluting it. If none owns the air, then it follows the rule of first come first served or else the winner takes it all. (Stigler, 2011) Decisions regarding how the air should be used will be centered on the local understanding and preferences of both parties. This can be consummated without major government interventions or the indiscriminate imposition of taxes(Farrell, 2011). The issuance of property rights and the ability for bargaining results in a conduct that is changed to account for the negative effects choices have on others, irrespective of who owns the rights. This is the principle of what is known as Coase Theorem.(Kelman W, 2011) The Coase Theorem argues in the context of zero transaction costs, and roughly in the existence of transaction costs that bounds the bargaining progression and establishment of a price that reveals local understanding and preferences associated with externality(Madema Zerbejr, 2014). In the context of high transaction costs, Coase debates that courts should do their best to forestall the economics convoluted in making the initial issuance of property rights.(Robson, et al., 2014) Coase argues that in some scenarios, governments may do a better work assigning resources in the aspect of high transaction costs, but is doubtful(Madema Zerbejr, 2014). Appreciating the knowledge problem and the matters linked to government decision-making from public selection theory makes government involvement a questionable approach in dealing with social costs. (Farrell, 2011) Coasian Bargaining The bargaining by Coasian is founded on the concepts of Ronald H. Coase the receiver of the year 1991 Nobel Prize in the field of economics behind his findings and explanation of the significance of costs of transaction and the rights of property for the effective organization and functioning of an economy (Robson, et al., 2014). In accordance to his article, the social costs problems (1960), he suggests that clearly-defined property rights can overwhelm the matters of externalities since many environmental hitches emerge as a result poorly distinct or the absence of property rights.(Kelman W, 2011) Supposing that property rights are under the polluter and that the costs of transaction are held at zero(Farrell, 2011), the Coase theorem outlines that the polluter and the victim can reach a jointly constructive bargain if the destruction from pollution is greater than polluters net profit from the sale of the products producing such a pollution. In this context, payments from the affected party to the polluter would moderate the pollution.(Kelman W, 2011) Therefore, Coase theorem outlines that the greatest competent solution to resolving mutually dependent uses of the environment, pollution problems inclusive, is a bargaining practice amongst significant property owners(Kelman W, 2011). If the rights of property are set to polluters, victims will be required to pay them not to pollute, establishing a market-like solution affiliated to a system for overheads of ecosystem services. Otherwise, if rights of property are directed to victims, the polluters may reimburse the victim or purchase the right to pollute.(Robson, et al., 2014) Thus, the cost of the agreed outcome is mutual between the parties without any external mediation. If transaction costs are negligible, the resulting distribution of resources will be effective (that is, the resource will be devoted to its highest prized use) irrespective of the initial sharing of property rights(Robson, et al., 2014). The conception of a market in the Coase solution suppresses externalities; however, it does not essentially bring pollution to zero levels. Furthermore, it cannot be realistic to externalities affecting prospect generations or other species.(Madema Zerbejr, 2014) For instance, reflect a chemical factory unit delivering advantageous items yet, in addition, contaminating with its smoke. In the event that a definitive legitimate system issues individuals the privilege to take clean air, they could influence the industrial facility to create a diminished measure of or nothing by any stretch of the imagination (Robson, et al., 2014). Nonetheless, accepting that the manufacturing plant is prepared to spend up to USD 5 for every unit for the privilege to sufficiently dirty so as to deliver its items, If this sum is reflected to of more prominent worth than that of clean air, society will take the cash and endure such a contamination. Then again, if the privilege to contaminate given to the firm, individuals can bung the firm to dirty less.(Kelman W, 2011) The Coasian bargaining strategy is an appealing one to somewhere in the range of: an economy might have the capacity to accomplish Pareto-effective asset assignment (that is, no people can be improved off without aggravating another person off) without inescapable government control (Robson, et al., 2014). Additionally, Coasian dealing arrangements can be especially intriguing for worldwide externalities, since there is no supranational natural security organization with the vital expert to force reduction mandates or contamination charges. In any case, the quantity of circumstances for which Coasian bartering is possible and attractive is restricted. To start with, Coasian haggling does not wipe out the part of government in doling out introductory property rights(Kelman W, 2011). This procedure will be liable to particular vested party campaigning and lease chasing. Furthermore, on the grounds that numerous ecological externalities are aberrant, combined and dubious and in light of the fact that falling back on the legitimate framework includes wastefulness, the expenses of authorizing or striking a Coasian deal might be extensive. Besides, the same number of externalities are intertemporal, future ages are essentially not present in any deal.(Robson, et al., 2014) Another point of confinement to Coasian markets originates from the way that numerous natural externalities, similar to auto outflows or commotion in the region of airplane terminals, or worldwide impacts, for example, environmental change and ozone layer decimation, include a substantial number of individuals (Robson, et al., 2014). For instance, a rancher who contaminates his water supply might be one of the various upstream agriculturists influencing a large number of downstream neighbors'. Conveying all the important specialists to the arranging table would be troublesome and costly. The exchange costs (of accumulating the premiums of all the influenced parties, enlisting attorneys, arranging an ideal reduction level, and authorizing a market assention) will keep a private deal even with a reasonable assignment of rights. (Kelman W, 2011) Besides, people will be enticed to go about as free riders in arrangements, undermining the transactions themselves. People would regard the result of arrangements as outside their ability to control and along these lines, be unwilling to shoulder any exchange costs (Kelman W, 2011). In this way, when externalities occur in future, or when exchange costs are vital and when the quantity of members is extensive, Coasian answers for ecological externalities must be discounted. The Behavioral Economics Behavioral Economics refers to the basics of human psychology in reference to the economic decision-making procedures of people and institutions. The two most important queries arise in this scenario, firstly, whether economists' conventions of utility or returns maximization are good estimates of the real people's behavior and secondly, whether people maximize the subjective utility expected.(DO , 2013) Behavioural economics investigation has had an important part in advising policymakers in fields such as individual health, job markets, user markets and personal finance(Gneezy List, 2014). A number of governments utilised this mechanism which encourages the attention of perceptions from behavioural economics in their reflections concerning policy making. In U.K for example(Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014), Behavioural Expert Team dwells directly in the Cabinet Headquarters, and has been dynamic across a diversity of policy areas(Allison, 2015). In European Commission similarly, the Director of Health and Consumers has commissioned a framework undertake to support behavioural economics function in the whole Commission(Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014). Additionally, In United States, the Agency of Management and Budget has adopted motivations from behavioural economics in the fields of health care delivery and financial directives.(Basiago Andrew, 2011) The approaches exploited in behavioural economics exploration include laboratory and field experiments, occasionally involving thousands of people(Allison, 2015). The benefits of using approaches of this nature are that they are certainly interpretable even by non-experts (i.e. they do not necessitate sophisticated speculative modelling)(Basiago Andrew, 2011), and yet offer a scientifically effective way of testing the success, costs, and public appropriateness of innovative policy tools.(Hursh, 2012) In the ideal situation, people always make prime decisions that give them the greatest gains and satisfaction. In accordance with the famous rational choice theory, when humans are offered with several options under the situations of scarcity, they would select the option that maximizes their personal satisfaction(Sent, 2014). This theory adopts that individuals, given their partialities and constraints, are proficient of making coherent choices by effectively making comparisons between the costs and returns of each alternative available to them. The ultimate decision is always the best option for the individual.(Thaler , 2014) Behavioral economics argues on psychology and economics perspective to explore the reason behind people making irrational decisions, and exactly how their behavior sometimes does not adhere to the forecasts of economic models(Allison, 2015). Some decisions like how much to pay for a coffee cup, whether to join a graduate school, pursuing a healthy lifestyle, contribution to the retirement scheme and investment choices, are decisions that individuals make at some point in their lives. Behavioral economics strives to explain the reasons behind individuals making a certain choice and not the others.(Thaler , 2014) One solicitation of behavioral economics is the use of rules of thumb or psychological shortcuts to make prompt decisions. However, when these decisions result in errors, heuristics means cognitive preconception(Gneezy List, 2014). Behavioral game theory can also be practical to behavioral economics as it runs experiments to analyze peoples decisions to make irrational decisions. Another area in which behavioral economics can be utilized is behavioral finance, which opts to explain reasons behind investors making rash resolutions when trading in the investment markets.(DO , 2013) Companies are gradually incorporating behavioral economics in designing their policies to upsurge sales of their goods and services. A good example can be seen in the price of 8GB iPhone in the year 2007; it was introduced at $600 and swiftly reduced to $400. What if the phone was launched at $400 anyway? If Apple launched this smartphone at $400, the primary reaction to the price might be negative as it would have been perceived to be too pricey. But by launching it at a higher price and reducing it to $400, consumers developed a notion that they were receiving a pretty good deal and as a result, sales surged for Apple.(Thaler , 2014) Another typical example can be seen in designing policies for the promotion of healthy living as implemented by the government of Iceland in its attempt towards motivating children to exercise more and eat healthier(Hursh, 2012). In collaboration with some TV programs and exploiting the reputation of the program, the government started an initiative. It collaborated with a big supermarket chain, fruits and vegetables were labeled as Candy Sports a brand that the television program used for fruits and vegetables. This change led to a 22 percent increase in fruits and vegetable sales.(Thaler , 2014) Similarly, considering a soap company that produces the same soap but advertises them in diverse packages to please multiple target crowds, one package marketing the soap for all soap users while the other for customers with sensitive skin. The second target would not have bought the product if the bundle did not stipulate that the soap was for sensitive skins. Consumers will opt for the soap with the sensitive skins tag even though its exactly the same product in the overall package.(DO , 2013) Conclusion At last, the importance of the Coase Theorem must be comprehended in Epistemological terms. The 'rightness' of the Theorem involves intelligent legitimacy; by and large, the Theorem is a conclusion got from premises and the part of the presumptions constituting its premises is to discount of thought every one of those factors which would keep the inference of the determination as an issue of rationale. The legitimacy of the Theorem, in this manner, is a component of the suppositions characterizing ceaselessly certain constraining conditions. The experimental truth of the Theorem - its spellbinding exactness - is a different issue from its consistent legitimacy. The Theorem considered observationally is an inclination articulation, an announcement that under specific conditions such and such conduct and allocative et cetera results can be normal; that is, a law in the Marshallian sense. In any case, the intelligent and exact perspectives are firmly identified with each other In that changing the assumption states of the Theorem is commensurate to changing the conditions as far as which the Theorem is a propensity proclamation. The Theorem is an inclination or likelihood explanation in a further observational sense, to mind: the test writing shows that the outcomes expected on the premise of specific particulars of the Theorem are acknowledged something short of what 100% of the time. Given the prior, it turns out to be evident that a great part of the writing on the Coase Theorem not just overextends as far as the regularizing suggestions More or less dishonourably drawn from the Theorem, however neglects to indicate the weightiness of the Theorem in such terms - promptly prompting rehearses which make claims for and take the Theorem a long ways past what logicality and experimentation allow. Work Cited Allison, 2015. Behavioral Economics. s.l.:Praeger publishers. Basiago Andrew, 2011. Economics, social and environmental sustainability in development theory. Baumol Oates.H,T, 2014. Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge University press ed. Dobson, 2015. Environmental Sustainability. DO W., 2013. Behavioral Economics. Advances in Behavioral Economics, p. 669. Farrell, j., 2011. Coase Theorem and information. Economic Perspective, pp. 113-129. Gneezy List, 2014. Putting behavioral economics at work. Hursh, 2012. Behavioral economics. Journal of experimental analysis of behaviour. Kahneman, Knetsh Thaler, 2011. Experimental tests of coase theorem. journal of economics. Kelman W, P., 2011. Consumption and Product theory under Coase Theorem ideology. Kemp, 2013. Environmental policy and Technical change. Madema Zerbejr, 2014. Coase Theorem CRESP. journal of economic and social policy. Panayotou, 2011. empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation. R.R, C., 2014. Coase theorem. s.l.:Palgrave Macmillan U.K. Robson, A, A. S., 2014. Costly enactment of the rights of property and the Coase theory. Sent, 2014. Behavioral economics. How psychology has its way back to Economy. Shweizer, 2013. Externalities and coase theorem. journal of institutional and theoritical economics. Stigler, 2011. Two notes on Coase Theorem. Stigler, n.d. Two notes on coase Theorem. Thaler B., 2014. Increasing Employees Savings. Political Economics, pp. 164-187. Vogel, 2011. National styles of regulation. Washington: Us press.

The Flies Essays - The Flies, Orestes, Electra, Erinyes,

The Flies Title: The Flies (Les Mouches) Author: Jean-Paul Sartre Publisher: Vintage International Edition, October 1989 Genre: Dramatic play Setting: City of Argos, Greece Minor characters: Aegistheus- He overthrows Agamemnon, makes Clytemnestra his wife and takes rule of Argos. He invents lies in order to make his people fear him. This only proofs that he is poor when it comes to having an actual strong character. A king shouldnt have to create lies. His people should both respect and fear him for his authority, but due to his lack of authority he takes it upon himself to create these conditions so that he may get what he wants from his people. Tutor- He is Orestes advisor who is basically responsible for Orestes education and practically raised and nurtured him. He is wise and seems to be logical. The Tutor in my opinion is of importance to the play because he offers Orestes with support and logical advice. Electra- Daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When she was young Clytemnestra and her stepfather Aegistheus murdered her father. She grows to become a rebel. For fifteen years all she dreamt of was murder and revenge. When she is reunited with her long lost brother Orestes, she persuades him to avenge the murder of their father. Once this is accomplished she cant confront the consequences of her actions. She takes side with Zeus and takes his words as her excuse (It was committed by someone else; one could hardly say even that you were his accomplice pg.114). Electra is a vital contribution to this play because she plays and fits the role of The Stone. Main character: Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra was to be executed as an infant but instead he escaped and was raised by good-natured people. Years later while he was still young, he returns to his native homeland Argos. His sister Electra persuades him to avenge their fathers death by killing his mother and stepfather. One of Orestes main conflict or problem was actually killing Aegistheus and his mother. This is a not a big conflict for him. He is destined to do this no matter what may result out of it. One can say the solution to his problem was the actual action of killing both his mother and stepfather, which he does surprisingly with no remorse. We can see this because he puts it best: Remorse? Why should I feel remorse? I am only doing what is right(-pg.102), The most cowardly of murders is he who feels remorse(-pg.116). Orestes is the true hero of the play because he did what he had to. Not only that, but he did it so that he may win the name of guilt-stealer; casting all his peoples remorse on himself so that he can earn the freedom of Argos (-pg.91). At the end of the play Orestes is persuaded by the furies. This could imply that he suffers, but yet he is still the hero and he does accomplish what he was destined to do. English Essays

Free Essays on William James (1884)

William James (1884) proposed that we are afraid of the bear because we run, rather than we run because we are afraid. Discuss this in relation to how emotions occur. A key aspect of human behaviour is the ability to sense and feel emotions. Emotions are defined as phenomena that are perceived by the body that causes a reaction; often these responses have physiological characteristics. This essay will look at the many psychological/ biological theories and ideologies involved in the concept of emotion. Human kind has evolved over the years to accommodate innovations in its biological, physiological, psychological and social lifestyle. Information about the ways humans can live appropriately have been passed on since the beginning of creation. New data is also brought to attention as individuals have enhanced their intellect. The concept of emotion(s) is a subject closely tied to an individuals life; joy, anger, fear, happiness have long been with us. Emotions are a universal part of human life that is attached to every being and animals. The concept of emotions consists of four characteristics that affect each other in order to complete the whole emotional experience. The individual has certain feelings attributed to a certain emotion, e.g. if a criminal realises that there is a high possibility that they will be caught by police there will be feelings of guilt and nervousness. However these feelings are unique to individuals themselves and each scenario can have a different effect on individuals. The second aspect involved in the build up of emotions is ‘an action’ this again is a result of an experience felt by the individual. Psychological arousal is the third factor which looks at the psychological implications of the experience including the somatic and autonomic response. Motivation is also related to emotions, the individual is motivated to respond in a specific manner to fulfil the emotion. Many theories have bee... Free Essays on William James (1884) Free Essays on William James (1884) William James (1884) proposed that we are afraid of the bear because we run, rather than we run because we are afraid. Discuss this in relation to how emotions occur. A key aspect of human behaviour is the ability to sense and feel emotions. Emotions are defined as phenomena that are perceived by the body that causes a reaction; often these responses have physiological characteristics. This essay will look at the many psychological/ biological theories and ideologies involved in the concept of emotion. Human kind has evolved over the years to accommodate innovations in its biological, physiological, psychological and social lifestyle. Information about the ways humans can live appropriately have been passed on since the beginning of creation. New data is also brought to attention as individuals have enhanced their intellect. The concept of emotion(s) is a subject closely tied to an individuals life; joy, anger, fear, happiness have long been with us. Emotions are a universal part of human life that is attached to every being and animals. The concept of emotions consists of four characteristics that affect each other in order to complete the whole emotional experience. The individual has certain feelings attributed to a certain emotion, e.g. if a criminal realises that there is a high possibility that they will be caught by police there will be feelings of guilt and nervousness. However these feelings are unique to individuals themselves and each scenario can have a different effect on individuals. The second aspect involved in the build up of emotions is ‘an action’ this again is a result of an experience felt by the individual. Psychological arousal is the third factor which looks at the psychological implications of the experience including the somatic and autonomic response. Motivation is also related to emotions, the individual is motivated to respond in a specific manner to fulfil the emotion. Many theories have bee...

Health and Wellness Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health and Wellness Program - Research Paper Example occur or influenced within an organization while external factors are those occurring outside the organization and organization does not have any control or influence over them (Lindahl, 2011). One of the key factors that are critical in determining the performance of employees and ultimately the organization’s overall performance is health and wellness. According to Ingham and Norris (2007), the more the employee stays healthy and fit all year round, the higher the likelihood of improved organizational performance. Therefore, to ensure that organizations benefit from the employees’ good health and fitness, most organizations have embraced health and wellness programs. However, it should be noted that quite a significant number of organizations have not embraced this crucial program Lofton (2007). Also, it should be noted that even though some organizations have embraced these programs, they have not implemented the programs effectively thereby not reaping the full benefits of the programs Lindahl (2011). Health and wellness of employee is considered as one of the most important factor in determining organizational performance because it is internal and exter nal impact within an organization; employees need to be healthy and well within and outside the organization so as to enhance their productivity as well as to enable the organization respond to external challenges facing the organization Ingham and Norris (2007). In order to understand this organizational behaviour topic, this paper will address the following aspects of health and wellness: health and wellness programs and organizational culture; health and wellness programs in the work environment; assessment of health and wellness programs; effective health and wellness programs; and design and implementation of health and wellness programs. Health and wellness programs should recognize that building a supportive organizational culture is important Lofton (2007). The programs should seek to ensure

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing - Assignment Example Students of economics are, of course, aware that in traditional economic theorising, the analysis of the firm and its behaviour is built upon the assumption that firms operate in such a manner as to maximize their profits. Economists, however, do not discount the possibility that there may be other objects of desire that entrepreneurs may pursue and try to maximise, for example, power, a quiet life, prestige, social service, and may be a host of others. But, so far no theory of the firm within the framework of a 'free market' economy has been developed on any one of the above premises. So the theorem of profit maximization continues to remain central to the study of the business firm. And profits can be made by a firm only through selling its products in the market. Market and marketing are essential ingredients in a firm's search for profit. Market positioning and the strategies adopted to gain an advantageous competitive position for selling its product will determine the firm's degree of success in 'maximising' its profit. In this paper we consider a few of the market strategies that firms adopt particularly, those of 'target market' and 'differential advantages' to secure an advantageous position in the market. We shall also discuss alternative marketing strategies and relate all to the market provision of education particularly by local authorities in UK. . . The general definition of a market is a coming together of buyers and sellers to exchange products or services or both and the concept includes both non-profit as well as profit-taking enterprises. Marketing is purposeful interaction in the market by sellers and buyers through exchange. Marketing is seen as activity that is distinct from selling (Fennell, 1987). Philip Kotler (Kotler & Fox, 1995) offers the following: 'Marketing is the analysis, planning, implementation and control of carefully formulated programs designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with target markets to achieve institutional objectives. Marketing involves designing the institution's offerings to meet the target markets' needs and desires, and using effective pricing, communication, and distribution to inform, motivate, and service these markets.' (p. 6). Target Market A one sentence description of a target market is that it is the market segment to which a particular product is marketed. It is defined by age, gender and socio-economic grouping. 'Targeting strategy' is usually the selection of the customers the firm wishes to service. The decisions involved in targeting strategy include: which segments to target; how many products to offer; and which products to offer in which segments There are three steps to targeting: namely, market segmentation, target choice and product positioning. And targeting strategy decisions are influenced by: market maturity, diversity of buyers' needs and preferences, strength of the competition and the volume of sales required for profitability Targeting can be selective, for example, focus

Runaway Girl by Carissa Phelps Essay Example for Free

Runaway Girl by Carissa Phelps Essay In Runaway Girl by Carissa Phelps the reader knows from the beginning that the main character, Carissa, cant stand discipline and runs away when authority steps in her way. Nevertheless, she creates friendships with people she thinks she can trust, but only ends up getting hurt by their dishonesty and greediness. Carissa is a rebellious, stubborn, independent child who grows into something amazing after all the dramatic tragedies that took part in her life. Carissa is rebellious from the start. She transitions from being scared to go to school on the first day, to yelling a few weeks later, â€Å"Fuck you†, to a substitute teacher. Not to mention Carissas hormones are kicking in and shes crushing on this kid Fernando on the football team and, ends up staying out all night just to come home to getting yelled at and getting grounded. Carissa doesnt agree with such punishment so in turn , she ends up running away. The worst of Carissas deception is her plan on figuring out wheres shes going to stay, what shes going to eat, her struggle of fighting to stay alive, and more importantly what the cops have to say about her running away. As a child Carissa had poor judgment on the real world. When she was on her own, she thought that she was invincible and nothing bad could ever happen to her until, she met Icey. He changed Carissas life in less than a heart beat. Carissa went from being the boss of herself while being a runaway to being a black mans prostitute at the age of 12. Carissa wasnt in control of her own well-being anymore, Icey was. Carissa merely followed Iceys instructions especially because she despised him so greatly, but she thought that he cared about her because he fed her and bought her things and talked to her ever so sweetly, compared to the other girls. All of this was stopped when the people Carissa despised ,for busting her every time she ran away, came to her rescue when Icey screwed up by stealing a car. She soon learned that authority was just there to help her and free her of Iceys control. At juvenile hall Carissa met someone that helped change her life forever. His name was Ron. He was the counselor at Wakefield and just by handing a spiral notebook over to Carissa and telling her to write in it and â€Å"tell her story†, Carissas life was soon on its way to a new beginning.